Monday, September 30, 2019

Aims and Objectives of Woburn Safari Park and Thomas Cook Essay

How does Nolan’s the dark night use MELCS to good effect and what does this indicate regarding the films genre? Are there any social criticisms present? In this essay I will be explaining the way that different techniques are used, and what these show about the Dark Knight. I will be looking throughout the film at how Nolan uses various effects such as, colour, editing, lighting, camera, and sound. And how these things aren’t really what you might expect for the typical super hero film, but also how he uses them to subtlety criticize human nature. First of all I will talk about the colour used Nolan uses. Throughout the film the colour scheme always seems to be very dark but as well as this the things that are happening usually contrast this. A good example of this is at one point when the Joker is being questioned, all the lights go out and everything is pitch-black except the jokers white face. This is very effective as it really makes the joker stand out and means you can see every little detail of his face and facial expressions but don’t know what else is happening in the room. It therefore creates a whole lot of suspense about what’s going to happen next and where it’s going to come from whilst at the same time letting you see every detail of the jokers face and almost making you really understand what he’s thinking. Another point in which this contrast is shown is in Bat-mans hide away place. In there the floor is a dark dull grey/black, and the ceiling is all white lights. This is good because it makes the room seem endless and gives anything in it airs of importance and cleanliness like trophy shelves that are lit from above like the room or a dentist. This is good because in the room he keeps all his high-tech gadgets witch seem incredibly expensive and valuable when they are in the room, but then when Bat-man is using them he acts as though they are something that are disposable. Another way Nolan uses colour is in the costumes. The Joker is an especially good example of this as he wears a purple jacket, green hair, Green top, and bright red giant red lips. This shows us a lot about his character for example, purple stands for royalty and the joker becomes almost like a king by making everyone scared of him. Secondly the green stands for jealousy, and the Joker is very good at making people feel jealous and spiteful about other people. As well as maybe feeling slightly jealous at not being normal, and being unhappy himself. Lastly the joker is just completely crazy, and all his colours clashing certainly do emphasize this. Overall it is a brilliant way of showing his character and showing how different he is to everyone. I mean, you’d never miss him would you!? On the other hand the dark knight is completely the opposite of the Joker, and their clothing really shows this. As the knight is completely black it seems to show how he represents reality and order, but the joker stands for everything mad and chaotic as that is what he loves. As for the props Nolan uses, really they are quite simple. Even the high-tech gadgets batman uses all seem possible and there are no out of this world, impossible things. I think this is actually quite a good thing, as it means that it makes the whole play seem more realistic, and like something that could actually happen. Therefore it is all scarier in a slightly surreal way. Next I will look at how Nolan uses editing in the film and what effects this creates. When a lot of action is happening at the same time Nolan uses lots of quick shots of the action quickly cutting from one to the other. This is very clever as you think you’re just about to find out what’s going to happen when it cuts to the next scene which is also really tense and you want to know what’s going to happen there but it goes back to the one before. This creates lots of tension in the film and it is a bit like its flashing from scene to scene like your heart beat getting faster and faster. It also gives the sense of chaos and panic and shows you how every thing is happening at the same time. This is good as it makes you realise how hard it must be for the cops and detectives. Another similar thing he does is when two people and talking to each other about something in which one of them might react in a certain way he will keep cutting from one face to the other as you wait for the reaction to happen. This also creates tension and makes you wonder if they will react the way you think their about or not, then when it does its more of a shock. The lighting in the film is another very important element in the film. I have already explained some of it in the colour part. As with the colour most of the film is set in dark, low key lighting, with lots of shadows creating a spooky kind of atmosphere. Once again though like the colour, often he uses contrast. A place where this is very effective is when some people are looking for Bat-man and it is very dark so they all have very bright torches. All you can see is the torch light getting closer and closer towards you but nothing out of the light. This makes it seem very scary as all you can do is wait until he is in the torch light but by that time you know it will already be too late because they are too close. Another scene in witch the lighting used is very effective is in the bank robbery scene. It is once again very dark in the bank, but because this time it is lighter outside, and the room has very big windows, you get some patches of the bank where it is much lighter. This is really good because he then makes it so that when the action happens, it happens in the lighter places. This means you can clearly see what is happening in the light when something happens out of it your attention is not so focused on it so it is a surprise. Also the dim light coming from just the one side of the building creates big long spooky shadows to, witch adds nicely to the tense atmosphere. Nolan also uses camera techniques in an interesting way to create good effects. For example right at the beginning of the play there is an extreme long shot of a sky scraper. This is then slowly zoomed in; right up to one window and into an extreme close-up, then the glass in the window suddenly shatters. Nolan uses this a lot in the film with other things too, like some one face that once zoomed in you see their shocked facial expression. This creates the element of surprise means you know that something is going to happen to do with what they are zooming in on but not what exactly until your right there. It also creates tension on what that’s going to be. Another camera technique used is when something is happening the camera circles the action. This happens a lot and is good because it means you can see everything that is happening and all the reactions of people around it. In addition to this it can create serious tension and fear. A great example of this is when the Joker is about to slit the black mans mouth. The camera circles his head so that sometimes you can see his face with the knife in and sometimes just the back of his head and the Jokers facial expression. Every time the camera shows his face you wince and think, Oh no, is it going to happen now whilst I can see it. This happens over and over until eventually he slits his mouth when you can only see the Jokers expression but you know it’s been done because his face and its kind of a relief because at least you haven’t have had to watch. Lastly Nolan uses another successful effect by turning the camera around. He does this near the end when the Joker is hanging upside-down off a building. The camera is turned so that you see the Joker as if he was standing upright and it looks very strange as his hair is all over the place and his hand are waving about, but for some reason it kind of fits the Jokers. This is because the Jokers personality is all over and mad and it seems like that is where he belongs, in an upside-down world. It’s slightly ironic really. Moreover, it made it seem like the right place, and way for him to die. Another method Nolan uses to brilliant effect is sound, digetic, and non digetic. For instance throughout the film, when ever tension is building up the same music starts. It sets of quietly and slowly, building up, getting faster and louder until the pinnacle of the excitement then stops. This is very effective as it creates the feeling of panic and makes your heart start to race as you know that something’s about to happen. Sometime when this happens the non digetic sound is on its own building up until its apex when a sudden digetic noise will puncture it. This not only makes tension but also shock and fear. A good example of this is at the beginning when a window breaks. This is a great opening scene as the sound and the camera skill create loads of tension and anticipation. Nolan does another very clever thing with the sound at one point. Just after a massive explosion has happened he cuts the sound altogether, and although you can tell that really there would be loads of noise going on its silent. This is because after an incredibly loud explosion you often become deaf for a while. This is a very clever thing to do, and makes you feel like you really are part of the film. Further more without the sound you concentrate more on what you can see and all the facial expressions and whatever’s going on around. Another interesting point to think about in the dark knight is weather or not it is a normal film in the super hero genre. There are many things for and against this argument and I will look at them in this paragraph. First of all there is of course the super hero, and super villain, in this case, bat-man and the Joker. Both whom have very typical features of the super-hero genre but also some not so typical ones. To start with I will concentrate on Bat-man. Like most super heroes he is; quite wealthy, but has had a hard background and has had to build up that wealth from not very much. Is young and good looking with lots of strength and high tech gadgets. Has a different identity during the daytime, and fights crime at night, wearing a costume so no one knows who he is. Also, like a lot of super hero’s e.g. spider man he is based on some sort of animal. Lastly he has a very strong sense of right and wrong, for example his one rule never to kill anyone witch a lot of super her oes seem to have. On the other hand, although he seems to be a reasonably normal super hero, there are some things witch are slightly different. For example, a lot of the public don’t particularly like him, at one point they even try to send him to jail. Also unlike most super heroes, he doesn’t really have any sub natural powers, he just like a normal human in most ways. Also, a very big twist in the play is when the heroine dies, so like most super heroes bat-man does have heroine who he can’t really have yet. But, whereas usually at the end of the play they would get together, In Bat-man, about half way through she dies. Now as for the joker, is a bit different. Although like most super villains he is bad and has had a hard life. His attitude to life and Bat-man is quite different. Unlike most super villains, he does not really seem to hate Bat-man. Instead he sees him as game, and even when he has the chance to kill him says he is too fun to kill. This is very unusual and very different to how the baddy usually feels towards the hero. Furthermore, the reasons for the Joker to do what he does is rather strange too, because most villains do it for money or wealth or power, but the Joker doesn’t care about any of this, and just does it for fun. Overall I think that although The Dark Knight isn’t exactly what you would expect from a typical super hero movie, all in all its more that than anything else. I think that really Nolan has taken the super hero genre and added aspects from other things like horror to create a very successful, far more adult movie which will appeal to people who love all the super hero kind of movies, but also to those who usually find them a bit too childish and unrealistic.

Sunday, September 29, 2019

Poverty and Social Stratification Essay

Absolute poverty corresponds to the situation wherein the individual person cannot survive or live due to lack of basic needs or resources such as food, water, clothes, medicines and the likes. On the other hand, Relative Poverty is the situation wherein the person could not satisfy his personal wants but this does not imply that the person is not going to survive. Social Stratification simply denotes the systems of layers and/or divisions made in the society that shall reflect their relative poverty or wealth. It is not focus in the individual person but instead refer to a larger group of people. The different kinds of Social Stratification are class systems, caste system and slavery systems. Today a so-called Global Stratification exist that categorizes each country according to their economy, population and wealth or national income. The most industrialized countries relatively are the wealthiest, their economy are mostly capitalist. The industrializing or otherwise known as developing countries have much lower standard of living and income than the industrialized. The least industrialized countries are the most poverty stricken. It includes majority of the South East Asian, Latin America and most of Africa. Most analyst believes that the economic growth of a country lies on raising the social standing of women, because in most industrialized countries women are given equal opportunity like men while in the least industrialized countries women are commonly regarded to have lower social status and capabilities than men. Uplifting the standing of men in a society would generally increase the labor force. Educating women would create women who are as much competitive as that of men. This type of women would be able to compete with men in a capitalist setting. Only when there is an equal treatment between men and women could a society fruitfully developed. Otherwise, women would be stagnant part of the economic system. The more players there are in an economic system the faster is the economic progress since there are more participants. References Relative and Absolute Poverty. Retrieved on November 9, 2006. Retrieved from the World Wide Web: http://www. qvctc. commnet. edu/brian/soc/sld027. htm Global Social Stratification. Retrieved on November 9, 2007. Retrieved from the World Wide Web: http://72. 14. 253. 104/search? q=cache:jmq-xfTAm0UJ:www. ilstu. edu/~jeweinz/soc106/notes/ch7notes. doc+global+social+stratification&hl=tl&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=ph

Saturday, September 28, 2019

Minority ethnic group Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Minority ethnic group - Essay Example The concept of boundaries began to get eliminated. The entire globe was observed as a global village. The nationals of different countries in hunt of a better life style and professional opportunities started migrating to different developed countries. Some of them settled over there and since then never came back to their country of origin. The trend of migrating to different countries gave rise to the communities. These communities were named according to the country of origin. The communities were not only created on the basis of countries, there are also communities based on the basis of similar religion, lifestyle, culture, language, etc. If we examine countries like USA, UK, etc, we observe different communities within their societies based on the variables mentioned above. The major factor in the birth of a minority is the difference of beliefs, language, culture, values, etc, from the majority of that particular society of the country. In most of the countries, the ethnic minority groups are now recognized as influential factor in the political scenario of the particular country. A most recent example would be of â€Å"Blacks† in South Africa during the apartheid era. Wagley and Harris (1958) defines minority ethnic group as people portraying five characteristics. The list includes; unjust treatment and less control of their lives, different physical and cultural features, automatic membership of a particular group, understanding of subordination and frequent internal group marriages. So, it would not be wrong to say the societies especially of developed economies are now multi ethnic. According to National Statistics (2005), the portion of ethnicity in UK increased by 53% from year, 1991 to 2001. The increase in ethnicity was 7.9% of the total UK population (Sheikh, 2005). The multi ethnic societies started to develop more rapidly as the influx of the best human capital was very

Friday, September 27, 2019

Film review Psycho Movie Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Film Psycho - Movie Review Example The film has brilliance in the editing. It will take the power of the power of the viewers’ imaginations to fill in the blanks of the film. The film’s black and white photography is a perfect one for its mood and tone. The characters of the film contribute to the plot development through scene-to-scene margin. Marion Crane (Janet Leigh) steals money to help out her boyfriend Sam Loomis (John Gavin) from her employers. He flees and takes refuge at a rarely hosting motel where we meet owner Norman Bates (Anthony Perkins) who live s with his mother. It is through this that we learn of his supposed sexual interest in Marion. There are events of Norman peeping through a hole as she undresses and an anonymous figure stabbing her to death. Sam is contracted of Marion’s sister Lila (Vera Miles) of Marion’s death. It is through their investigation that we meet Arbogast. He is also slashed to death. As the events stream by, we learn of more characters such as Mrs Bate and Norman’s tricks. Forensic psychiatrist Dr Fred Richmond gets us informed of Norman’s fractured psyche. The films actions that entail the killing scenes are chilling depicted in a detached manner, not very scary and easy to predict. The film has various chilling and memorable performances. The strident, discordant music by Bernard Herrmann has been used in several other movies to denote the appearance of a â€Å"psycho†. As mentioned earlier, the film has brilliance in editing. If we go frame by frame through the film, we will note how much the film has left to the imagination. We can see a knife, blood (chocolate syrup), water, and naked woman’s body (parts strategically concealed from camera). We should notice that only a small penetration of the knife into the flesh is shown. The horror of the murder is only hinted at the on-scene. The movie not surprisingly generated a wave of shower phobia

Thursday, September 26, 2019

Justification of Intellectual Property Protection Essay

Justification of Intellectual Property Protection - Essay Example The paper throws light on intellectual property as any change of mind or innovation. This property, maybe a symbol or a logo, any unique name designated for a company, creative and artistic invention. Intellectual property is secluded or patent innovation. Certain brands use a specific trade mark and music companies copyright their sounds and videos patterns, professionals carry out methods formulas and technologies which are confined in official documents or economic values that are used commercially. Intellectual property is the intangible or insubstantial vague property on the other hand special private and personal property of any individual or a company is tangible is easily and clearly defined. IP is any form of expression, this includes images, symbols, logos, title, label, techniques, methods used in business industry or commerce; software, music rhythms literary. This personal effort is the innovation and creation of mind and displayed and manifested, it has physical existen ce and exclusive property rights. Exclusive property rights include copyrights, trademarks, patents industrial design rights and trade secrets, these rights are intellectual property and protect company’s different types of unrelated legal concepts. The British statue of Anne 1710 and statue of monopolies 1623 are the two patent laws, copyrights that are nowadays used respectively, these laws were originated in the late 20th century and since then the word intellectual property started to be used. ... This absolute protection thus deals intellectual property as real property. The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) treaty and other global agreements are based on the fact that the intellectual property rights should be protected as it is essential to the economic growth. The following reasons are given in the handbook published by the World Intellectual Property Organization related to the intellectual property laws. "One is to give statutory expression to the moral and economic rights of creators in their creations and the rights of the public in access to those creations.† Inventions were not the reason to initiate the history of patent, but it was in fact the grants given by the Queen Elizabeth 1 (1558-1603) and other royal family members for the privileges aimed at creating monopoly. nearly 200 years after the end of the reign of Elizabeth 1 a patent now shows and represents a legal status to the rights which are obtained by the person inventing something whic h gives him the right to control that invention exclusively, control and restrict its production, sale or any restricting any other method that might make that invention available for others to use independently. (Mossoff, A, 2001, Vol. 52, p. 1255) The aim of this paper is to study the justifications or arguments that surround the formation of intellectual property law. The paper will open discussion with the aims of intellectual property law and then move to the justifications. The paper will also discuss the limitations to these justifications and in the end, conclude the discussion with a critical evaluation of the intellectual property law terms. Aims of Intellectual Property Law This section will deal with the protection of intellectual property incentives taken for those

Vulnerabilities in Microsoft Windows Server, IAAS Essay

Vulnerabilities in Microsoft Windows Server, IAAS - Essay Example Cloud computing can be stated as a model for facilitating on-demand, convenient and ubiquitous access to shared pool of computing and configurable resources. This resource sharing platform helps in achieving economies of scale and coherence. The concept of cloud computing is based on a broader aspect of shared services and converged infrastructure. Cloud resources are also dynamically reallocated along with being accessed by multiple users. The entire approach of cloud computing has shifted focus towards OPEX model from basic infrastructure of CAPEX model. This study would reflect upon one of the cloud computing services, known as IAAS. Infrastructure as a service or IAAS is a basic cloud service platform. This mainly refers to online services which abstract user from data partitioning. There are some additional resources offered by IAAS clouds such as raw block storage, firewalls, disk-image library, load balancers, virtual local area networks, software bundles and object storage. W indows Server is a known technology or application based on the concept of IAAS. It is a brand name given to bundle of server operating systems, which are launched by Microsoft. The first server edition was named as Windows NT 3.1; however, there have been advancements in developing Windows Server. This study shall analyse key vulnerabilities witnessed by Windows Server and mitigation strategies implemented over the years. There are some general approaches too that can safeguard the system from external threats.

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Prospectus Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Prospectus - Assignment Example s is the issue of fatigue, which can directly or indirectly affect the nature and likelihood of human error in the flight desk, especially with the recent commercial developments. Fatigue has a direct and well established impact on human performance. The purpose of this paper is to explore fatigue as one of the human factors that leads to accidents in the aviation industry and ways to mitigate its impact through use of various mitigating factors that ranges from Crew Resource Management (CRM) to the implementation of Standard Operation Procedures (SOPs). To control the effects of fatigue in the aviation industry, fatigue management mechanisms should be employed. These mechanisms involve a process that that has three steps: Identifying causes of fatigue, recognizing effects of fatigue and lastly implementing fatigue strategies. Identifying the causes of fatigue is the first step in fatigue management. Having in mind the recent and continuous commercial developments, the likelihood of the flight crew fatigue may be as a result of: cumulative sleep debt, unsympathetic rotating shift schedules, extended shifts and flying hours, circadian misalignment and the need to perform additional ground-based management (Flight Safety Foundation, 2003). Effects of fatigue may ranges from minor errors to fatal errors or major accidents. Fatigue makes pilots to scan instruments less effectively; it affects their timing actions and ability to anticipate situations with the required level of accuracy. Implementing the coping strategies to fatigue would make remarkable progress in improving safety and efficiency required to reduce and manage human errors. With proper management of fatigue, we can optimize the match between people and the systems in which they work, while improving safety and performance. These strategies include; Conducting Crew Resource Management (CRM) training: The aim of this training is to educate the crew on the limits of human performance as well as to

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

Should the government raise the driving age Essay

Should the government raise the driving age - Essay Example The only failure that the training institutes do not cover is how a driver can react to a situation that may determine the safety of the driver and other road users. The safety of the driver and the road users is thus dependent on the physical, emotional and psychological form of the driver. As a result, various factors have led to the occurrence of various accidents. The situations have caused the various governance bodies in the region to enact laws in an attempt to control the number of accidents that occur. One of the measures is the regulation of the generation that is suitable for issuing a license for driving. After many years, the federal government of the United States has given mandate to issue licenses to new drivers. The age limit is however national and is sixteen. The argument thus lies on what is the best age to give consent to with the aim of ensuring safety in the roads. There is a need to rise the age of driving from sixteen to a more mature age. (Heidi E. Nemme). Research has reveled that the teenage individuals who are at the tender age of sixteen do not possess the necessary capacity to deal with the risky situations that the roads pose. The teenagers tend to be immature in the dealing of critical situations. More studies show that the teenagers have a thrill with the speed and are more prone to over speed while driving. Most of the teenagers do not have an inherent knowledge to analyze the various dangers that the urge of over speeding can bring. Over speeding is dangerous and causes accidents numerous studies have revealed. Research shows that about seventy-seven percent of the accidents in the US include people who are miners who tend to be behind the wheel. Therefore, there is a serious urgency of rising the age to a more self-realistic age (Reports). The ideal age is above eighteen years since people of the age are mature in their consequen t decisions. The psychological wellbeing is also a key issue

Sunday, September 22, 2019

Disneyland Paris & Legoland Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Disneyland Paris & Legoland - Essay Example Visitor attractions can easily be considered as one of the main economical and social matters in the world today, and this is speaking of theme parks especially particularly; Disneyland Paris and Legoland are two of the most recognized and well known theme parks in the world, and so in order to be able to understand the purpose and reasoning behind theme parks in general, as well as how these two in particular work and what they are all about, there are several questions in particular that need to be answered fully and thoroughly: 1.What is the historical development of Disneyland Paris and Legoland? 2What is the range of current position in the field for Disneyland Paris and Legoland? 3.How does the management and ownership and levels of provision work in Disneyland Paris and Legoland? 4.What is the market for theme parks in general and what is its potential for expansion as a market? 5.What are the key operational management issues? 6.What are some present and future trends and oth er key related issues that are involved here? By thoroughly and rather elaborately answering these questions, we will not only be able to come to a much more knowledgeable and understanding viewpoint on the subject matter at hand altogether, but as well, we will be able to understand theme parks as a whole in general, and furthermore, we will be able to see how they actually work, what type of market they refer to, what the issues are if any, and what trends are in relation to them

Saturday, September 21, 2019

The Gileadean regime and how are these portrayed Essay Example for Free

The Gileadean regime and how are these portrayed Essay There are also few occasions in the telling of her story where Offred seems almost inconsolable through sheer desperation as a result of the lack of normality in her life, I want her back (her mother), I want everything back, the way it was. She is desperate to escape from this regime which has bound her to such alienation. She wants to love and be loved once again. When Offred looks inside herself in her moments of nostalgia, she does find a set of memories that allow her to recall a sense of herself. She can remember her job, her love for her husband, her daughter, her mother, her friends; particularly Moira, her education and the successes and failures of everyday life. Throughout the book she tries to hold on to these, but eventually they begin to fade away. Luke and her daughter slip into past tense. She fears that she is finally betraying Luke when she has her affair with Nick, and she feels erased by time, no longer a presence in her daughters existence. I sit in the chair and think about the word chair. It can also mean the leader of a meeting. It can also mean a mode of execution. It is the first syllable in charity On many occasions throughout the novel Offred plays with language. Language is one of the central symbolic themes of the novel and it is something that is restricted and demoted in Gilead. Barbara Hill Rigney2 described Atwoods use of such a mechanism in the Handmaids Tale to represent Offreds oppression as: Language is a fragile protest, but it represents the only salvation possible. I believe this is absolutely true in that Offred being able to relate her story to somebody else is what keeps her sane. It gives her some form of escape where she does not have to be someone she isnt, yet she can choose to be exactly what she wants; its her story, her choices. According to Amin Malik1 what makes Atwoods book such a moving tale is its clever technique in presenting the heroine initially as a vice like sleepwalker conceiving disjointed perceptions of its surroundings, as well as flashing reminiscences about a bygone life. As the scenes gather more details and momentum, Offreds narrative transfigures into a full roundedness that parallels her maturing comprehension of what is happening around her. Atwood skilfully manipulates the time sequence between Offreds past (pre-Gilead) and the present: those shifting reminiscences offer glimpses of a life, though not ideal, still filled with energy, creativity, humaneness and a sense of selfhood, a life that sharply contrasts with the alienation, slavery and suffering under totalitarianism. 1. Amin Malik, Margaret Atwoods The Handmaids Tale and the Dystopian Tradition, 1987 2. Barbara Hill Rigney- Atwood Critic Published by Macmillan Press 1987. Dec 2003 Miss. Slocombe Nasima Begum 12B Pg 1 of 3 Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Margaret Atwood section.

Friday, September 20, 2019

Deviations in Psychology and Diagnostic Statistical Manual

Deviations in Psychology and Diagnostic Statistical Manual Abnormal psychology Task A Two ways that abnormality can be defined are: a deviation from the social norm or a deviation from the ideal mental health. A deviation from the social norms The social norms are the expected behavior of people in the environment you are in. Social norms are not set in stone rules of behavior, but expected known behavior that is different to every social group or area an example of this is suggested by (McLeod, 2008)† For example, it is common in Southern Europe to stand much closer to strangers than in the UK.† The socially excepted behavior is important within a group as it outlines the behavior that is expected in this group but a deviation from what is expected in this group can cause other members of the group to feel uncomfortable, when referring to the previous example if someone was to behave in that manner in the UK it would cause a uncomforted or suspicion of that person. A deviation from ideal mental health When looking at the deviation from ideal mental health we first look at what is considered to be normal. This was outlined by Jahoda (1958) who outlined the six characteristics of ideal mental health these are outlined by (McLeod, 2008) â€Å"o Positive view of the self Capability for growth and development Autonomy and independence Accurate perception of reality Positive friendships and relationships Environmental mastery – able to meet the varying demands of day-to-day situations† By using the definitions of these six attributes of ideal mental health the absence of one of these can indicate the possibility of abnormality. Problems in defining abnormality We define abnormality within definitions like the two previously explained but defining them in this way comes with inconstancies and problems. Firstly there are many types of social groups in our society. Within every group within society there are accepted unwritten rules of behaviour but they are not the same within each group, but an outsider to a group may have different learnt behaviours, where as a action may be considered normal by one group may not by another, so just because they have a different set of behaviours to that group this person may be considered abnormal but dose that necessary make them abnormal. When you think about how we pick up these behaviours and look at them closely we are always changing our behaviours through learning different acceptable interacting and the changing of ideas as we grow and learn. This problem is evident by looking at abnormality as a deviation from statistical norms as well as because if in fact if a large percentage of a group has an abnormality this would suggest that this is normal in statistical terms. The problems with the deviation for ideal mental health also raises a lot of questions as a person may have a lot of these attributes and functions well but say for example they find it hard to reflect analytically on past events both negatively and positively to draw conclusions from that then it would be considered to be abnormal but this is not necessarily true as a lot of people tend to look at the negatives from a situation and may find it hard to find the positives dose this really mean they are abnormal? DSM- diagnostic statistical manual of mental illness The DSM is used by psychiatrists in order to effectively diagnose the condition that the patient is suffering from. The DSM is the way that mental illnesses are diagnosed this is done through the 5 axis system these are: clinical disorders, personal disorders, general medical condition, psychosocial and environment problems and global assessment of functioning, axis 1, 2, 3 are the ones that must be used in order to make a diagnosis but other two axis can be used to build up a bigger picture. By using the axis of the DSM it can be used to build up a picture of what is happening and what may be causing the symptoms that they are displaying. DSM IV TR and the DSM V The DSM is constantly being updated in order to keep up to date with the best diagnosis for patients. The newest version of the DSM is the DSM V. some of the changes that has been made in this version include the change to autism related conditions in the DSM IV TR they were separate conditions e.g. autism ,asperger’s where as in the new edition there has been a change where they have been grouped together under the autistic spectrum, this is a good update as it allows for personalized support to those diagnosed with the condition where as in the past the straight cut diagnosis may have caused judgment or in some causes unaware of the condition so unable to support the condition where as with this diagnosis they can work out the best individual support. Another change that has occurred in the DSM V is the change to eating disorders in the previous DSM binge eating was not included but now it has been included in order to give support. All eating disorders are different and the need for different support is important and allows for sensitive appropriate care to help that patient. Another of the changes is the addition of the hording disorder. It is important that changes like the ones explained are made as development of the understanding of various conditions are constantly being improved so changes in the DSM ensures a valid guide of mental illness. Evaluation of the DSM The DSM is a good tool in diagnosing mental conditions but should only be used as a guide. It is important that it is updated regularly to ensure the validity of the diagnosis’s that are being given, sometimes it is hard to distinguish between different conditions. A full and un-bias look at all the details of the person’s condition should be assessed. In the past the validity of the DSM has been questioned especially in 1973 where a number of people acted out mental disorder to gain entry into a hospital but whilst in the hospital the behaved normally and said any symptoms had gone but they were still diagnosed with mental conditions, and then secondly the hospital staff were told there were be test patients with no condition and people who have conditions were believed to have no condition. This brings the question of is the DSM reliable this is suggested by (holah , unknown ) â€Å"Rosenhan claims that the study demonstrates that psychiatrists cannot reliably tell t he difference between people who are sane and those who are insane.† This is why updates to the DSM are important to ensure that diagnoses are valid. The only other concern about the use of the DSM is where a condition is not serious a diagnosis has the danger of labeling a patient which in society could have a negative action that could cause distress to the patient as in society a lot of conditions are stigmatized which needs to be actively stopped through knowledge. But as a guide it is a very useful tool to help patients and continued development can only help patients and help to them receiving correct support and treatment. Bibliography holah , unknown . http://www.holah.co.uk/study/rosenhan/. [Online] Available at: http://www.holah.co.uk/study/rosenhan/ [Accessed 20 Febuary 2014]. McLeod, S., 2008. Simply Psychology. [Online] Available at: http://www.simplypsychology.org/abnormal-psychology.html [Accessed 18 Febuary 2014].