La Venta Olmec Archaeology site La Venta

The La Venta is an archaeological site in the Mexican State of Tabasco. At the site are the partially excavated ruins of an Olmec city which thrived from approximately 900-400 B.C. before being abandoned and reclaimed by the jungle. La Venta is a very important Olmec site and many interesting and significant artifacts have been found there, including four of the famous Olmec colossal heads. The Olmec Civilization The Ancient Olmec were the first major civilization in Mesoamerica, and as such are considered the parent culture of other societies that came later, including the Maya and Aztec. They were gifted artists and sculptors who are best remembered today for their massive colossal heads. They were also talented engineers and traders. They had a well-developed religion and interpretation of the cosmos, complete with gods and mythology. Their first great city was San Lorenzo, but the city declined and around 900 A.D. the center of Olmec civilization became La Venta. For centuries, La Venta spread Olmec culture and influence throughout Mesoamerica. When La Ventas glory faded and the city declined around 400 B.C., Olmec culture died with it, although a post-Olmec culture thrived at the site of Tres Zapotes. Even once the Olmec were gone, their gods, beliefs and artistic styles survived in other Mesoamerican cultures whose turn for greatness was yet to come. La Venta at its Peak From about 900 to 400 A.D., La Venta was the greatest city in Mesoamerica, far greater than any of its contemporaries. A man-made mountain towered over the ridge at the heart of the city where priests and rulers carried out elaborate ceremonies. Thousands of common Olmec citizens labored tending crops in the fields, catching fish in the rivers or moving great blocks of stone to the Olmec workshops for carving. Skilled sculptors produced colossal heads and thrones weighing many tons as well as finely polished jadeite celts, axe heads, beads and other pretty things. Olmec traders crossed Mesoamerica from Central America to the Valley of Mexico, returning with bright feathers, jadeite from Guatemala, cacao from the Pacific coast and obsidian for weapons, tools and adornments. The city itself covered an area of 200 hectares and its influence spread much further. The Royal Compound La Venta was built on a ridge alongside the Palma River. At the top of the ridge are a series of complexes collectively referred to as the Royal Compound because it is believed that the ruler of La Venta lived there with his family. The royal compound is the most important part of the site and many important objects have been unearthed there. The royal compound - and the city itself - is dominated by Complex C, a man-made mountain built of many tons of earth. It was once pyramidal in shape, but the centuries - and some unwelcome interference from nearby oil operations in the 1960s - have turned Complex C into a shapeless hill. On the northern side is Complex A, a burial ground and important religious area (see below). On the other side, Complex B is a large area where thousands of common Olmecs could gather to witness ceremonies taking place on Complex C. The royal compound is completed by the Stirling Acropolis, a raised platform with two mounds: it is believed that the royal reside nce was once located here. Complex A Complex A is bordered on the south by Complex C and on the north by three massive colossal heads, clearly setting this area aside as a privileged zone for the most important citizens of La Venta. Complex A is the most complete ceremonial center to have survived from Olmec times and the discoveries made there redefined modern knowledge of the Olmec. Complex A was evidently a sacred place where burials took place (five tombs have been found) and people gave gifts to the gods. There are five massive offerings here: deep pits filled with serpentine stones and colored clay before being topped with serpentine mosaics and earthen mounds. Numerous smaller offerings have been found, including a set of figurines known as small dedicatory offering four. Numerous statues and stonecarvings were located here. Scuplture and Art at La Venta La Venta is a treasure trove of Olmec art and sculpture. At least 90 stone monuments have been discovered there including some of the most important pieces of Olmec art. Four colossal heads – out of a total of seventeen known to exist – were discovered here. There are several massive thrones at La Venta: huge blocks of stone brought from many miles away, carved on the sides and meant to be sat or stood upon by rulers or priests. Some of the more important pieces include Monument 13, nicknamed â€Å"the Ambassador,† which may contain some of the earliest glyphs recorded in Mesoamerica and Monument 19, a skillful depiction of a warrior and a feathered serpent. Stela 3 shows two rulers facing one another while 6 figures – spirits? – swirl overhead. Decline of La Venta Ultimately La Ventas influence petered out and the city went into decline around 400 B.C. Eventually the site was abandoned altogether and reclaimed by the jungle: it would remain lost for centuries. Fortunately, the Olmecs covered up much of Complex A with clay and earth before the city was abandoned: this would preserve important objects for discovery in the twentieth century. With the fall of La Venta, Olmec civilization faded as well. It survived somewhat in a post-Olmec phase referred to as the Epi-Olmec: the center of this age was the city of Tres Zapotes. The Olmec people did not all die out: their descendants would return to greatness in the Classic Veracruz culture. Importance La Venta The Olmec culture is very mysterious yet very important for archaeologists and modern-day researchers. It is mysterious because, having disappeared over 2,000 years ago, much information about them has been irrevocably lost. It is important because as the parent culture of Mesoamerica, its influence on the later development of the region is immeasurable. La Venta, along with San Lorenzo, Tres Zapotes and El Manatà ­, is one of the four most important Olmec sites known to exist. The information gleaned from Complex A alone is priceless. Although the site isnt particularly spectacular for tourists and visitors - if you want breathtaking temples and buildings, go to Tikal or Teotihuacà ¡n - any archaeologist will tell you its just as important. Sources: Coe, Michael D and Rex Koontz. Mexico: From the Olmecs to the Aztecs. 6th Edition. New York: Thames and Hudson, 2008 Diehl, Richard A. The Olmecs: Americas First Civilization. London: Thames and Hudson, 2004. Gonzalez Tauck, Rebecca B. El Complejo A: La Venta, Tabasco Arqueologà ­a Mexicana Vol XV - Num. 87 (Sept-Oct 2007). p. 49-54.

Expressed And Blessed Holden s Battle With Ptsd

Stressed and Blessed: Holden’s Battle with PTSD According to the Merriam Webster dictionary, post-traumatic stress disorder is defined as, â€Å"a mental condition that can affect a person who has had a very shocking or difficult experience and that is usually characterized by depression, anxiety, etc†(citataion). Unfortunately, many people struggle with this disorder every day which can cause them to become depressed and nervous, and in the worst cases, cause them to commit suicide. Throughout Catcher in the Rye, the main character, Holden Caulfield, struggles to live normally after the death of his brother Allie. It is evident that Holden is suffering from the effects of post-traumatic stress disorder when he shows symptoms, reacts in typical ways and eventually takes steps to overcome his problem. Post-traumatic stress disorder most often occurs after a traumatic event that leaves the person emotionally and psychologically scarred. Some traumatic events that could re sult in the disorder include war, natural disasters, car crashes, death of a loved one, assault or abuse. In Holden Caulfield’s case, the death of his brother Allie, whom he grew very close to, was the cause of his pain and suffering. Holden’s case is not uncommon among those with the disorder according to helpguide.org who stated, â€Å"It (PTSD) can even occur in the friends or family members of those who went through the actual trauma†(Smith). Although, post-traumatic stress disorder more commonly occurs in those

”A Few Good Men” Movie Sample Essay Example For Students

†A Few Good Men† Movie Sample Essay I choose to watch the film â€Å"A few good men† . The narrative line goes as where Tom Cruise is asked to support two Mariness who are charged with slaying of a fellow officer. During the probe it was found that the Mariness were ordered what they call a Code Red. A codification red is where disciplinary step is told to the Marine when a member offends against his unit. This Marine was beaten. gaged. bounded with tape by his fellow officers because in the squad’s oculus he was non standing up to their demands. The two Mariness argue that they had a direct bid from the higher authorization to perpetrate such act. Throughout the film it came out that Colonel Jack Nicholson character had committed a offense and that this was unethical in the jurisprudence and the United States Marines. The two Mariness Lance Corporal Harold Dawson and Private Louden Downy edge. gagged and tortured William Santiago while he was kiping him subsequently died of hemorrhage in the lungs due to the assault. Demi Moore an advocator for advocate ( Joanne Galloway ) believes that the two were merely following orders and did non intend to mean for Santiago to decease. There are two ethical issues here that I see every bit far as the film went. One being the slaying was performed and the other is that the codification red was ordered of Jessup as a screen up. There was besides Kaffee who lies to cover up what Jessup says. He is a immature attorney who comes from a line of attorney where he has to turn out a batch of good. He is a winning attorney and losing a instance to him is non a pick. He besides is a supplication deal type of attorney that doses this on many of his instances. Kaffee is charged to assist support the two Mariness but say that they deserve to be in prison for the remainder of their lives. He knows the Mariness did something unethical but still stands by his word. In his eyes there is a quandary and that is of his feelings of people mistreating people who can’t defend themselves. So with that he doesn’t want to support the Mariness. The ethical quandary of Tom Cruise is that he wanted to make his occupation as an lawyer of the Mariness but yet his personal feelings were that they killed a fellow solider. He knew that being appointed as to up keep the jurisprudence he still needed to make what was right as by his clients. Demi Moore was the character that besides knew from incorrect and right. She wanted to name to the instance but they would non let her because of her merely being with an advocator for advocate. Further in the film she did acquire to assist with the instance and got involved. She seems to believe that she had to besides support them as an officer would their ain. but knew that the offense was a difficult one to conflict. Jack Nickloson was the character of hatred and did the offense himself but wanted to take down others in his topographic point. He was non making right by his squad. and had non so good ethical behaviours. He wanted William Santiago dead or ache because in his eyes William was n on keeping up on his terminal of the modus operandis of drills for the whole squad. With each of these characters I feel that the quandary was solved in different manner but yet slightly similar. With Tom Cruise he made up his head that he would make what the Mariness hired him to make and what he was educated to make and that was to function and protect instead it be himself or another solider. He knew that his personal feeling could non count in this and he needed to support his solider and believe what they were stating him. With Demi Moore she excessively I feel that the quandary was resolved by her being able to assist to make the research and probe alongside of Tom Cruise for the suspects instance. She was besides to in the state of affairs that she felt they did moral wrong but her occupation was to assist support her clients in demand. Now Jack Nicholson the quandary was solved in his instance by him being found to be the individual who causes the offense and so acquiring charged with the offense himself. .u7461aeb9ab8fd6b37d69e0d568e3ea82 , .u7461aeb9ab8fd6b37d69e0d568e3ea82 .postImageUrl , .u7461aeb9ab8fd6b37d69e0d568e3ea82 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7461aeb9ab8fd6b37d69e0d568e3ea82 , .u7461aeb9ab8fd6b37d69e0d568e3ea82:hover , .u7461aeb9ab8fd6b37d69e0d568e3ea82:visited , .u7461aeb9ab8fd6b37d69e0d568e3ea82:active { border:0!important; } .u7461aeb9ab8fd6b37d69e0d568e3ea82 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7461aeb9ab8fd6b37d69e0d568e3ea82 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7461aeb9ab8fd6b37d69e0d568e3ea82:active , .u7461aeb9ab8fd6b37d69e0d568e3ea82:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7461aeb9ab8fd6b37d69e0d568e3ea82 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7461aeb9ab8fd6b37d69e0d568e3ea82 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7461aeb9ab8fd6b37d69e0d568e3ea82 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7461aeb9ab8fd6b37d69e0d568e3ea82 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7461aeb9ab8fd6b37d69e0d568e3ea82:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7461aeb9ab8fd6b37d69e0d568e3ea82 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7461aeb9ab8fd6b37d69e0d568e3ea82 .u7461aeb9ab8fd6b37d69e0d568e3ea82-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7461aeb9ab8fd6b37d69e0d568e3ea82:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Franz Kafka affects them on a psychological level EssayProsecution them filed charges on him. With all these characters in the film I feel that all was served and all was solve with the tribunals. The lawyers did acquire what they wanted out of this instance and the right cat will be making clip for a offense he told his solider to commit. When you are speaking about the ethical model of this instance I see it as that the lawyers had a jurisprudence to follow. They besides needed to do certain that all moralss were followed every bit good. When we see instances like this you ever want to make what is right but feelings besides get in the manner. They knew what was needed in order to do the instance and to acquire their clients a just test. They needed to set their feelings aside and make the occupation that was appointed to them and they took other in making. When moving out on feelings or what you are told to make as a occupation you need to follow your moralss and non your feelings. These are two different issues and should non be put together anyplace particularly in the tribunal of jurisprudence. The ground this got solved is because everyone had to make what was ethically right and non what their feeling was stating them to make as a individual. The effectivity of making what was right I feel was a good thing beca use in the terminal the bad cat got what he deserved. Yet he did non make what was order as the codification of behavior. Jack was merely believing about acquiring rid of what I would mention to as a handicapped solider and how of all time that go on needed to be done. If I had to foretell a different result if the frame work was different I would state that the two soldiers would hold went to prison for the remainder of their lives. The behaviour of Jack would hold gotten the two soldiers in the brig and no 1 would hold mattered. Seems that the manner the film went it was made certain that the result would hold been what had happen. The offense. Seems with films like these you ever want the result to be for the good but normally ends up non what you do desire to go on. In my sentiment legal plaies are something to be desired. I for one didn’t truly like the film of pick and could non acquire into it. I know I had others to take from but this one was in my library of film to watch. I had to maintain pausing and inquiring my hubby inquiries to explicate to me what the meant or why did that go on. I feel if the subject is interesting like Roe vs. Wade I don’t have a job screening that sort of film. I’m non a war or military film individual because I have a difficult clip seeing what are soldiers go through. and can’t base blood backbones and crushing person for that affair. Not that was this film. all though it did demo some whipping so I handle it good. I feel that legal play like this can assist you in existent life state of affairss every bit long as they are right to the Torahs. Most of the clip what is seen in a film is non ever the jurisprudence. Legal play are difficult to watch at times but give you an penetration of what may be go oning instead its true or non. When I pick a play instead it is legal. personal. existent life I try to pick on the subject of the narrative line. Usually these are non my types of films but the difference is a good alteration of amusement. .u393849dc482401843da2e181c18f070e , .u393849dc482401843da2e181c18f070e .postImageUrl , .u393849dc482401843da2e181c18f070e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u393849dc482401843da2e181c18f070e , .u393849dc482401843da2e181c18f070e:hover , .u393849dc482401843da2e181c18f070e:visited , .u393849dc482401843da2e181c18f070e:active { border:0!important; } .u393849dc482401843da2e181c18f070e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u393849dc482401843da2e181c18f070e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 25 0ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u393849dc482401843da2e181c18f070e:active , .u393849dc482401843da2e181c18f070e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u393849dc482401843da2e181c18f070e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u393849dc482401843da2e181c18f070e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u393849dc482401843da2e181c18f070e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u393849dc482401843da2e181c18f070e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text -shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u393849dc482401843da2e181c18f070e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u393849dc482401843da2e181c18f070e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left: 18px; top: 0; } .u393849dc482401843da2e181c18f070e .u393849dc482401843da2e181c18f070e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u393849dc482401843da2e181c18f070e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Exploring the Impact of Epidemiology and Political Economy on Fighting Cardiovascular Disease Essay

World Influence On The Modernization Of Africa Essays -

World Influence on the Modernization of Africa World Influence on the Modernization of Africa Developing Political Systems The way countries, nations or states act and base their policies on many times reflect what their past was like. This is very true in the case of Africa. The only problem is that Africa is said to have no history. This just means that Africa's many cultures did not affect the way imperialists and other influences acted towards the huge continent. Everything was based on their interests and consequently this meant that the way of dealing with Africa in every way was based on Western traditionalists. To this we must answer the question how has the Western World affected Africa's present stage and what must be done to undo what is wrong and hopefully correct this situation. Africa first played a role in Europe's and the America's history when the U.S. and Great Britain needed labor. They needed a lot of it and they needed it cheap. There was nothing cheaper than free labor. It would require an initial investment to African "leaders" but it paid off almost instantaneously. This is what we used to call slave trading. In around the 1860's this became an illegal act. However, like any other crime, this trading could not be stopped entirely. British Naval ships were set up as blockades but sometimes Slaves were stored in spaces that were no higher than 12 inches so not all slave carrying boats could be stopped. In fact while the Navy stopped approximately 103,000 slaves from entering the slave force about 1.7 million entered it. Since this trade was illegal it was even more profitable than before. The slaves that were stopped from being shipped all the way west were being sent to Freetown, Sierra Leone and Monrovia, Liberia and they were called recaptives. These were towns set up by the British and some liberal Americans to send former slaves and recaptives back to their home continent. It wasn't their home but it certainly was a lot closer than before. These recaptives were not welcome with open arms because they had renounced their religions and African names and replaced them with Christianity and English names. They did this because they felt they had been betrayed when they were sold in the first place. There was even more hostility to these recaptives because they spoke English and the British, along with the rest of Europe, were the ones starting to take over Africa politically. When Europe came into power they took their English speaking, Christian modernizers and put them in charge of the newly colonized countries. Africa was colonized by Europe by countries such as Great Britain and France, which one can still see evidence of today. This was done at the Berlin Conference. The only two countries not directly colonized where Ethiopia for somewhat religious and Biblical reasons and Liberia, which had a legitimate government and this way the West would not have to directly imperialists the country but could just tell the leaders what, they wanted. The leaders obliged in return for not being colonized. When first colonized the many cultures languages and religions were not considered. Consequentially many opposing people came to live in the same state and this resulted in bloody hatred and eventually civil wars in many of these countries. Europe did not realize how many different nations there were in Africa when they were dividing it up amongst themselves. They just wanted to colonize and wanted equal shares for each other. Possible tension did not enter the minds of these colonizers and even if did it did not severely alter any decisions. In fact it was better for them if no group had a majority in a region because this would lessen the chance of a revolution. The peripheral countries of these new African boundaries usually did what the European core countries did. They wanted to enhance their status quo. The peripheral countries were heavily exploited. Their raw materials were taken from them relatively cheaply made into sellable products and sold to the world and back to Africa at high prices. At this rate Africa's economy would never go up and would probably even go down. Since agriculture was its only source of income not much more could be done. Many people question why Africa did not use its raw materials to make its own processed finished products. The answer is that there was heavy discrimination against this idea by the West. If Africa tried to use their cocoa to make their own chocolate the Swiss, for example, would say