Lim Goh Tong - Genting Essay Example for Free

Lim Goh Tong Genting Essay The best way to address the topic of successful tourism entrepreneur is the story of Tan Sri Lim Goh Tong which is the founder of Genting Highlands and how he as a local tourism entrepreneur has succeeded globally. Tan Sri Lim Goh Tong (February 28, 1918 – October 23, 2007) was a prominent wealthy Malaysian Chinese businessman. He was once the 3rd richest man in Malaysia with a net worth estimated to be 4. 2 billion USD, making him the 204th richest person in the billionaire list compiled by Forbes. The Japanese invaded Malaya in 1942 and caused Tan Sri Lim Goh Tong to have a few near-death occasions. During the early Japanese Occupation, he earned a living as a vegetable farmer, but decided to switch to petty trading for a better living. Later on Tan Sri Lim Goh Tong ventured into scrap-metal and hardware trading. When the Japanese Occupation ended, there was an urgent demand for heavy machinery for resumed operations in mines and rubber plantations, he seized the opportunity and engaged in second-hand machinery trading, making his first fortune. From used machinery trading, Tan Sri Lim Goh Tong strayed into iron mining fortuitously. Tan Sri joined as a partner in an iron mining company which couldnt settle the outstanding payment of two bulldozers with him, and this proved to be a successful venture as he earned a substantial amount of profit from the mining industry, including forming a joint-venture tin mining company which was one of the first Chinese tin companies to utilize dredges in mining tin. While dealing in heavy machinery, Tan Sri accumulated a wide range of reconditioned machines as well as a substantial amount of cash to move into the construction and related industries. In the name of his family construction company, Kien Huat Private Limited, he began taking on several contracting jobs with help and guidance from his uncles. Kien Huat won accolades and became recognized as one of the leading construction companies after successfully completing many major projects. Among the biggest projects completed was the Ayer Itam Dam, the first time a local contractor had been given the construction job of such magnitude. He went on the brink of bankruptcy when construction work was facing problems in the Kemubu Irrigation Scheme, but managed to overcome the obstacles and completed the project. In 1964, when Tan Sri Lim Goh Tong was working on a hydroelectric power project in Cameron Highlands, amidst the cool mountain air, he had a vision. The idea of building a hilltop resort was first conceived when Tan Sri Lim Goh Tong was in Cameron Highlands. As he was enjoying the soothing cool breeze of Cameron Highlands, an idea struck him that as the standard of living rose steadily in Malaysia, more and more people would visit mountain resorts for relaxation and recreation, but Cameron Highlands was too far away from the capital city Kuala Lumpur, therefore building a mountain resort nearer to Kuala Lumpur would have great business potential. He envisaged Malaysia would develop and prosper in the near future and why not develop a cool mountain resort at the doorstep of KL, within the reach of all Malaysians. What is now one of the most popular tourist destinations in Asia and Malaysia is the realization of one man’s dream. He is a man of vision who had seen further and beyond about the world. Without wasting any time he started working on transforming his vision into reality. Upon conceiving this idea, many naysayers were skeptical of Tan Sri turning a wilderness into a tourist resort. Most thought it was really risky and reckoned Tan Sri who was financially comfortable to be foolish to invest heavily in money and time to develop Genting, but he brushed off all these negativities and went ahead firmly with his plan. Then he indulgent to take a further step in studying the maps of the vicinity of Kuala Lumpur, he located the ideal site, which was the Ulu Kali Mountain, just 58 Kilometers from KL. In order to have first hand experience of the terrain and surroundings, Tan Sri Lim spearheaded an advance party guided by some aborigines; he set off on the arduous journey. They struggled through dense jungles, climbed over many mountains and crossed numerous rivers before successfully reaching the Ulu Kali Mountain top. During the expedition that lasted nine days, he explored the placed, gathered a wealth of data on the topography, drainage, soil conditions and other relevant aspects of the region about the site which proved to be very useful in drawing up the plan for developing the resort. Setting up a private company called Genting Highlands Berhad in 1965, Tan Sri Lim successfully obtained approval for the alienation of almost 5,000 hectares of land from the Pahang and Selangor state governments respectively. In August 1965, he and his team began the project in the face of mammoth and colossal task. Among the problems were building the access road towards the hilltop, water and electricity supplies, sewerage system and fire safety. He managed to build the access road from Genting Sempah to the Peak of Ulu Kali Mountain towards the summit in three years when it was estimated to take fifteen years. Several sources of water in the mountain were identified, water supply was secured by building water-collection stations and water filtration plants with treated water stored in reservoirs. Electricity is supplied through a central electricity generation system with 12 big generators. He and his construction team worked in two shifts round the clock, 7 days a week because during the construction, he survived six close brushes with death. Meanwhile, Tan Sri Lim had to administer another major project in Kelantan, the Kemubu Irrigation Scheme at the same time. This stretched his physical endurance to the limits as he had to shuttle between Kuala Lumpur and Kelantan. While the first team carry out the survey in front, the other do the tree-felling, bulldozing and building the road behind. In order to save time and money, they built make-shift 1 quarters in the jungle, camped along the way and even stayed in caves. They even have tales to tell about their encounters with tigers in the jungle. He devoted all his time, capital and resources including the reserves of his family company, to ensure smooth and prompt construction of his dream resort. After working day and night for 3 years, the first access road was completed in 1969. Tan Sri was so relieved, because his whole vision for Genting Highlands depended on the successful completion of the access road. The whole Genting project was completed in January 1971, but prior to officially commencing business, Kuala Lumpur and its surrounding areas were hit by the worst rainstorms in a century, the road to Genting was closed by landslides at 180 locations, and the damaged sections took four months to repair. Genting opened its door for business on May 8, 1971. During the Genting project, Tan Sri spent all he had without earning any income. He sold an 810-hectare rubber estate to raise RM2. 5 million. In addition, he invested all the money he had made from iron mining, sub-contracting and hardware business. The project was a heavy drain on Tan Sri Lims finances. When asked to invest in this project, his friends turned him down and counseled him to drop the entire scheme instead. The project received well-deserved boost on 31stMarch 1969, on the occasion of the laying of foundation stone for the company’s pioneer hotel, by the late Tunku Abdul Rahman. Impressed that a private company, without the assistance of the Government could develop a mountain resort for the enjoyment of all Malaysians, a gaming license was suggested to help accelerate the development of this remote area, transforming the initial idea of a 38-room hotel to a 200 room hotel. In 1971, the Highlands Hotel, now renamed as Theme Park Hotel was successfully completed. To cope with the rapidly growing tourists, more hotels were built which included the 700 rooms Genting Hotel, a landmark structure recognized by all Malaysians. Following a corporate restructure exercise, the resort and leisure related activities were transferred to Resorts World Bhd. This was the beginning of the next development phase to transform the hill resort into a City of Entertainment. A meticulously planned development programme was implemented to enhance and expand the resort facilities, which included the development of Awana Chain of Hotels namely Awana Genting, Awana Kijal, Terengganu and Awana Porto Malai, Langkawi. In 1993, at the suggestion of Tun Mahathir, the prime minister of Malaysia then, a township was developed on an 81-hectare piece of land around the site of the Genting Skyway cable car station. It was named Gohtong Jaya after Tan Sri as a token of remembrance for his efforts in the development of Genting Highlands. In 1997, Genting Highlands Resort further boosted its facility attraction with Genting Skyway cable car system that provides a 3. 38 km transport to the hilltop. Genting Skyway is also recognized as the Worlds Fastest Mono Cable Car System with a maximum speed of 21. 6 km per hour and the Longest Cable Car in Malaysia and Southeast Asia. Despite the recession in 1997, Resorts World decided to forge ahead with the ambitious billion-ringgit mega project, the First World Hotel and Plaza. Of course many skeptics questioned why need to expand development during an economic downturn. And the answer was simple during such times, labor costs and skilled resources were relatively cheaper and easier to get. And by embarking on new construction and development activities, also can provide job opportunities and stimulating the construction industry during crucial economic times. The First World Hotel now is the largest hotel in the world with 6,200 rooms. First World Plaza marks a new era for the Genting Theme Park as it features newer and more exciting attractions for families to have fun at the peak. Just in the last 10 years, Genting Berhad has spent over 4 billion ringgit to develop Genting into Asia’s leading integrated leisure and entertainment resort. Throughout the years, Genting have kept firm with their vision: to be the leading leisure, hospitality and entertainment corporation in the world. After 42 years, crown jewel Genting Highlands Resort has since grown from a single hill top hotel with 200 rooms to a world-class integrated leisure and entertainment resort offering more than 10,000 rooms ranging from 3, 4, 5 star and super luxurious 6 star accommodation, over 90 dining outlets, 80 retail outlets, convention and international standard show facilities and many fun rides at the indoor and outdoor theme parks. We catered to over 18 million visitors in 2006 alone. They take pride in being one of the major contributors of tourism sector in the country and that are playing a significant role as a net earner of revenue and foreign exchange for the Malaysian economy. Genting Group is by no means limited to the leisure and tourism business. The company, infact began to diversify as early as the late 70s. With leisure and tourism as its core business, the company also ventured into the plantation, property development, paper manufacturing, power generation, oil and gas exploration. Being a determined entrepreneur and a man of vision, Tan Sri Lim aspired to explore further. He knew, with the strong foundation and wealth of experience accumulated over the years, Genting was well equipped to venture abroad. He encouraged and supported his second son Tan Sri Lim Kok Thay, who is our current Chairman to expand the business overseas. With the strong support and backing from his father, Tan Sri Lim Kok Thay (fondly known as Tan Sri KT Lim) swiftly spread his wings. Since then, he has been instrumental in globalizing Genting Group and has been the key driver behind the development of the Group’s resort and gaming-related projects worldwide, such as the Burswood International Resort Casino, the Adelaide Casino 3 in Australia, Lucayan Beach Resort Casino in the Bahamas and the Subic Bay Resort Casino in the Philippines. In Australia, he had set up the Adelaide Casino and the Burswood Island Resort in Perth. In their first year of operations, these projects chalked up some RM100 million in profits. However, his intuitive decision to dispose of the hotel and casinos in Australia to a Japanese company after only 18 months in operation proved to be the correct decision. The money was reinvested in other overseas ventures, including the Foxwoods Casino Venture with the Native American tribe, which has become the largest resort casino in the world. Due to Genting early success, later extended financial assistance to another US-based Native American tribe to build their casino in the location of Niagara Falls. Genting was granted the only casino license after Tunku Abdul Rahman, the prime minister of Malaysia then, visited Genting Highlands and commended his effort to develop a resort contributing to Malaysias tourism industry without government help. Tan Sri managed to obtain a pioneer status for Genting Highlands and tax incentives despite its resort development not qualifying for it. He did so by convincing the government that tax incentives in the early stage of development of Genting Highlands were not only vital for them but also profitable to the government later on. Tan Sri KT Lim visionary foresight, commitment to excellence, entrepreneurial skills and hard work resulted in the birth of Star Cruises. Capitalizing on its leisure-related expertise and experience, Genting Group expanded from land-based resorts to cruise the high seas by providing a truly comprehensive leisure and entertainment offering. At a time when no one was bullish about the prospects of the global cruise industry, his debut as a cruise operator in Asia raised many eyebrows. However, both Tan Sri Lim Goh Tong and Tan Sri KT Lim saw that again, they would be the pioneers and there was no competition in Asia. Given the rising prosperity and spending power of the people here, Asians would take to cruising readily as a form of recreation and tourism if an operator could provide good, affordable services. Moreover, with many beautiful islands and waters comparable to those in the Caribbean and the Mediterranean, the richly diversified Asia is able to offer exotic destinations with multicultural experiences. Star Cruises Limited was incorporated in September 2003. At a press briefing in December the same year, many local and foreign journalists questioned Tan Sri Lim Goh Tong’s wisdom in bringing in mega cruise ships when there was no industry in Asia and the idea of a cruise holiday was rather alien to an average Asian. One foreign journalist went as far as prophesying the demise of our cruise venture in eight months’ time. His reasoning was simple: How is Star Cruises going to find 1,700 passengers, the equivalent of five 747 plane-loads, each time it sets sail? Tan Sri Lim calmly said â€Å"When I decided to develop Genting about 38 years ago, there were also people who said I was mad and doomed to failure. But I went on to build it up steadily into an internationally renowned holiday resort. As for the cruise industry, isn’t Miami a success story? If the Westerners can do it, so can we Asians,† this statement drew a huge applause from the floor. In November 2000, Star Cruises was listed on the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong. At the peak, the market capitalization of Star Cruises hit US$2. 9 billion, even larger than that of Genting Berhad. As part of his expansion, Star Cruises acquired Norwegian Cruise Line in a takeover exercise that was completed in 2000. Today Star Cruises has grown to become the third largest cruise line in the world and the leading cruise operator in Asia-Pacific. The various brands under Star Cruises, Norwegian Cruise Line, NCL America, Orient Lines and Cruise Ferries together operates 21 cruise ships with over 32,000 lower berths and calls at close to 200 4 destinations globally in the Asia Pacific, North and South America, Hawaii, the Caribbean, Alaska, Europe, Bermuda and Antarctica. Part of his global expansion plan was to start an investment arm to exclusively handle all his overseas investments. Hence, Genting International was incorporated in 1984 to invest in leisure and gaming-related businesses outside of Malaysia. Genting International currently owns and operates 46 casinos in the UK under the Stanley Leisure brand names. This includes four of the most prestigious casinos in London – Crockfords, The Colony Club, The Palm Beach and Maxims. Another exciting boost for international venture is the recent success in bid to build an integrated resort in Singapore. The integrated Resort, located on Sentosa is named Resorts World at Sentosa and is expected to commence operation by early 2010. As of now, Genting Highlands is one of the most successful casino resorts in the world and is one of the primary tourist attractions in Malaysia. Tan Sri Lims company, Genting Group operates Genting Highlands and has diversified into many other industries. In the process new company brands were created that have become distinctive names in their respective fields, namely Asiatic, Genting Sanyen and Star Cruises. In the next 30 years, he continued to develop and expand Genting Highlands beyond its original idea of a hotel with basic tourist facilities. A new road was built to shorten the journey to Genting from the northern states, and RM120 million was invested to widen a 10 km stretch of the access road to reduce congestion. Another RM128 million was spent on constructing a cable car system to provide visitors with an alternative mode of transportation. Today Genting is far more than just one winning concept and one celebrated destination. It is one of Asia’s leading and best managed multinational corporations with strong management, financial prudence and sound investment discipline. Genting will continue to be a leading leisure and entertainment corporation in the world.

Civil War Journal Essay example -- essays research papers

1861, July 16 The battle of Bull Run ended today. Northerners, like myself, know it as Bull Run but the Confederates know it as Manassas. This battle is giving me bad thoughts about the outcome of this war. This was a Southern victory and the Confederate army looks high in spirit and high in confidence, compared to the hurt, tired, and disappointed North. The great leadership of the Confederate generals won this battle. Their plans and attacks were no match for the Union ones. I hope the North can do something to rebound from this great loss, maybe there will be a second battle. 1862, December 31 Today I attended a gathering at the Tremont Temple. It was in Boston so I had to travel a ways. At the Tremont Temple many black, including myself celebrated the issuance of the Emancipation proclamation that is effective at midnight tonight. At the gathering everyone's spirits were high and everybody was excited. The black men who have learned that the Emancipation could mean the end of slavery were as happy as little boys were when they were getting a present. They have forgotten everything bad about being black, but its only temporary, the struggling of slaves and in this time period cannot be measured. At midnight tonight, millions and millions of people's lives will be changed. 1863, January 1 Today, the 1st of January is the day where the Emancipation Proclamation issued by Abe Lincoln begins. The streets are filled with free blacks celebrating and rejoicing. People are having parties and celebrating but most of all praying. Groups of blacks are praying together and thanking God for setting them free. 1863, February 24 Today I became an agent for the U.S. Government to recruit Negro soldiers into the Union Army. These black men will be involved in all black regiments and fight the Confederate army. My prediction is that it won't be hard to find willing blacks to fight for the Union. I hope this is successful and the blacks will have a big part in freeing all slaves and winning the Civil War. 1863, February 27 Today I issued the "Men of Color, to Arms." This challenge to black men to fly to arms, and smite with death the power that would bury the government and your liberty in the same grave. I worked on the end of my message for a long time to get my point across, it sounded like this, "Remember that in a contest with oppression, t... ...can still survive without him. He has played a big part in rebuilding this country and if you are Southern or Northern you know that and recognize it. 1865, April Today I had another speech at the annual meeting of Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society in Boston on "What the Black Man Wants." Basically it was about the rights blacks should have, and how we deserve them now because we are free. 1865, May 30 Another speech to add to my many†¦ I spoke at a memorial meeting on the life and death of Lincoln. Negroes of New York City called this memorial after New York Common Council refused to permit Negroes to participate in the funeral procession when Lincoln's body passed through the city. This was a great way to show how much we appreciate and respect Lincoln. 1865, August 17 Today I thanked Mrs. Lincoln for sending me the president's walking stick. This was a very nice gesture of her and I will cherish this piece of his life. 1865, October Today I delivered a lecture at the inauguration of Douglass Institute, school for Negro children. I think this school will help the black children learn and become successful in their life. I am glad I am making a difference.

Time Management

Another technique of personal time management is proportioning the time in academic life. Proportioning the time is keeping a time log for seven days which is 168 hours (des. Elaine & Leslie, 2006). There are three term of time log which are have to do, ought to do, and like to do on activities.The things that have to do are much is done on each week in highest priority such as eating, sleeping, attending lectures or tutorials class and others. Next is considering ought to do what is person support to do. These are not a high rarity but need preparation to contribute the important goals such as conducting research studies, a phone call to the family, outdoor game like playing football or playing badminton, and others. Lastly, consider like to do items. These are lower priority but need to contribute the unimportant goals. The unimportant goals may be fun and exciting and give some relax or others activities.When someone is enabling to manage the time more effectively, it will be redu ce stress in academic life (des. Elaine & Leslie, 2006). Time wasters are also a technique of personal time management (des. Elaine & Leslie, 2006). There are two types of time wasters which is the self- inflicted time wasters and external time. The self-inflicted time wasters include procrastination, perfectionism, self-discipline, worrying, personal disorientation, over commitment, and lack of priorities. When you are a student on procrastination, make sure that must be finished your things by setting a deadline and then sticking to it.Perfectionism occurs when student is engrossed to do something that not trying to do in other tasks. Self- discipline is important to a course of study when doing a work may not be too official. Personal disorientation is to remain focus what are your doing for your task before starting the new one. Over commitment is telling a student to say ‘no' on the lives. A student may said ‘no' to someone when invite to play or drink something. Ex ternal time wasters include telephone, visitors, intrusions, television, traveling, waiting, coffee bar conversation, and crises.When telephone is ring, ask someone to answer it or use an answering machine. The meaning visitor on personal time management is telling your friend that you are busy now and invite you on the other time when free. If watching television programmed, measure you are not be able to watching another television programmed when watching a favorite programmed (des. Elaine & Leslie, 2006). REDUCE STRESS It is easily to use the technique of personal time management on my academics life. Firstly, I will manage my own budget for my money when am coming for university life without accompany by parent.Next, I will manage my own time by into two parts which is study and recreational activities. When am studying, have to find some information by internet, lecturer and the classmate. It is a better way to learn when I revising for the examination. A recreational activity such as sport, drama can help me to reduce the stress on my academic life. According to Erin R. Wheeler (n . D. ), time management is an essential factor to reduce stress. They can manage their own time by complete the assignment early better rushing to do an assignment or cramming for test. In conclusion, successful time management is one of the important in academic life. Time Management There never seems to be enough of it. Most managers experience time management problems that are exacerbated by an increasingly fast pace of life (Heaven, 2010). Throughout my career, I have always believed that next to personnel, time is the most precious resource. While I consider myself a mostly organized non-procrastinator who tends to prioritize tasks, I know that I am not unlike most managers and leaders who struggle with time management.Therefore, it came as little surprise to me that upon receiving dieback from the beginning of the semester class survey that the results revealed my lowest ratings were in the area of time management. My challenges with time management were once again exposed as a result of the Use-of-Time Diary assignment. Although the assignment only tracked three full business days (Jan 23-25) for a total of 72 hours, it indicated that my time was not used productively. This was further underscored by a general feeling of a lack of accomplishment at the end of each work day.In order to achieve greater granularity of the issues surrounding my time management struggle, I cited to extend my use of the time diary assignment for ;'0 additional work weeks Non 28 -? Feb. 8). At the end of the two week period, I analyzed the time diary in order to identify those areas that presented the greatest challenges in terms of time management. An analysis of the diary easily indicated that meetings overwhelmingly absorbed most of my time. The diary established that on average nearly 40% of my work days were spent in meetings of which over 80% required my attendance.Furthermore, using the assignment's 4 point productivity scale ranging from 4 being most productive o 1 being least productive, the meetings averaged a low score of 2. 1 points in terms of productivity. More alarming were the notes that I had compiled summarizing the lack of effectiveness of each meeting. Generally speaking, most comments revealed that at the time immediately following the m eeting I felt frustrated, confused about the purpose of the meeting and mystified by the results or lack of results.I seemed to be suffering from the same symptoms described in an August Track Via survey where 37% of the respondents said at least half the time spent in meetings was wasted (Whisper, pond further analysis, I identified four major problems that were 2013). Causing our meetings to be unproductive. First, many of our meetings did not necessarily support the goals or objectives of our organization. In essence, we were putting our effort and energy into meetings that were not important to the success of our organization. Second, our meetings lacked organization and structure.The lack of an established agenda with meeting objectives caused the subject of our meetings to wander and to waste inordinate amounts of time. Third, many of the meetings in our organization did not include the correct participants. As a result, we found ourselves having to reschedule a meeting to acc omplish something that could have been achieved had the correct participants been invited. Finally, we failed to conduct follow ups. Because we failed to follow up with action items discussed at meetings we had a tendency to revisit the same topics time and time again in successive meetings.Having identified what I believed to be the greatest contributors to the ineffectiveness of our meetings and loss of productive time, I implemented several measures over the following two seeks (11 – 22 Feb.) in an effort to correct the problems. With the concurrence of my supervisor, the first measure I implemented eliminated any meeting that I felt did not directly or indirectly support the goals and objectives of our organization. In doing so, we were able to eliminate several meetings over the two week period.When conducting calendar reviews, we decided which meetings to eliminate by making an assessment Of which meetings supported our organization's strategic objectives. In order to a ddress the lack of organization and structure, senior management issued audience that all meetings would have a set agenda with defined meeting objectives. In doing so, those responsible for holding meetings were forced to think through the outcomes that they wanted to achieve. The advanced preparation allowed the participants to come to meetings prepared to contribute.Over the two week trial period, an established agenda enabled the meetings to stay focused and shortened the average length of our meetings. In addition to adding structure to our meetings, we scrutinized who we required to participate at each meeting. By scrutinizing invited artisans, our organization made great effort in ensuring that we had the right personnel at the right meetings. Not only did our efforts include getting the right personnel to meetings, but it also eliminated several managers from meetings where their presence was neither required nor made the best use of their time.In an effort to improve meetin g follow up, the meeting facilitator documented all assigned or unassigned action items. These action items were included in the post-meeting notes or summaries that the meeting facilitator emailed to attendees following a meeting. These action teems were also included as review items on the agendas of any subsequent related meetings. All indications were that use of these follow up measures assisted us in reducing the number of meetings that duplicated topics from previously held meetings.While these four corrective measures were described in simplistic terms, they are in no way meant to imply that an implementation of better practices over a two week period will correct the poor practices that took many years to develop. However, over the two week period that we implemented these practices, we saw a reduction in the number and duration of meetings. The results over this short implementation period indicate enough improvement to convince us that these changes will become increasing ly effective in the long term.Through senior management emphasis of meeting relevance, meeting preparation, and detailed follow-up our organization is well on its way to inculcating a cultural change that will improve time management and increase the effectiveness of the largest consumer of time in our daily work day. Time Management There never seems to be enough of it. Most managers experience time management problems that are exacerbated by an increasingly fast pace of life (Heaven, 2010). Throughout my career, I have always believed that next to personnel, time is the most precious resource. While I consider myself a mostly organized non-procrastinator who tends to prioritize tasks, I know that I am not unlike most managers and leaders who struggle with time management.Therefore, it came as little surprise to me that upon receiving dieback from the beginning of the semester class survey that the results revealed my lowest ratings were in the area of time management. My challenges with time management were once again exposed as a result of the Use-of-Time Diary assignment. Although the assignment only tracked three full business days (Jan 23-25) for a total of 72 hours, it indicated that my time was not used productively. This was further underscored by a general feeling of a lack of accomplishment at the end of each work day.In order to achieve greater granularity of the issues surrounding my time management struggle, I cited to extend my use of the time diary assignment for ;'0 additional work weeks Non 28 -? Feb. 8). At the end of the two week period, I analyzed the time diary in order to identify those areas that presented the greatest challenges in terms of time management. An analysis of the diary easily indicated that meetings overwhelmingly absorbed most of my time. The diary established that on average nearly 40% of my work days were spent in meetings of which over 80% required my attendance.Furthermore, using the assignment's 4 point productivity scale ranging from 4 being most productive o 1 being least productive, the meetings averaged a low score of 2. 1 points in terms of productivity. More alarming were the notes that I had compiled summarizing the lack of effectiveness of each meeting. Generally speaking, most comments revealed that at the time immediately following the m eeting I felt frustrated, confused about the purpose of the meeting and mystified by the results or lack of results.I seemed to be suffering from the same symptoms described in an August Track Via survey where 37% of the respondents said at least half the time spent in meetings was wasted (Whisper, pond further analysis, I identified four major problems that were 2013). Causing our meetings to be unproductive. First, many of our meetings did not necessarily support the goals or objectives of our organization. In essence, we were putting our effort and energy into meetings that were not important to the success of our organization. Second, our meetings lacked organization and structure.The lack of an established agenda with meeting objectives caused the subject of our meetings to wander and to waste inordinate amounts of time. Third, many of the meetings in our organization did not include the correct participants. As a result, we found ourselves having to reschedule a meeting to acc omplish something that could have been achieved had the correct participants been invited. Finally, we failed to conduct follow ups. Because we failed to follow up with action items discussed at meetings we had a tendency to revisit the same topics time and time again in successive meetings.Having identified what I believed to be the greatest contributors to the ineffectiveness of our meetings and loss of productive time, I implemented several measures over the following two seeks (11 – 22 Feb.) in an effort to correct the problems. With the concurrence of my supervisor, the first measure I implemented eliminated any meeting that I felt did not directly or indirectly support the goals and objectives of our organization. In doing so, we were able to eliminate several meetings over the two week period.When conducting calendar reviews, we decided which meetings to eliminate by making an assessment Of which meetings supported our organization's strategic objectives. In order to a ddress the lack of organization and structure, senior management issued audience that all meetings would have a set agenda with defined meeting objectives. In doing so, those responsible for holding meetings were forced to think through the outcomes that they wanted to achieve. The advanced preparation allowed the participants to come to meetings prepared to contribute.Over the two week trial period, an established agenda enabled the meetings to stay focused and shortened the average length of our meetings. In addition to adding structure to our meetings, we scrutinized who we required to participate at each meeting. By scrutinizing invited artisans, our organization made great effort in ensuring that we had the right personnel at the right meetings. Not only did our efforts include getting the right personnel to meetings, but it also eliminated several managers from meetings where their presence was neither required nor made the best use of their time.In an effort to improve meetin g follow up, the meeting facilitator documented all assigned or unassigned action items. These action items were included in the post-meeting notes or summaries that the meeting facilitator emailed to attendees following a meeting. These action teems were also included as review items on the agendas of any subsequent related meetings. All indications were that use of these follow up measures assisted us in reducing the number of meetings that duplicated topics from previously held meetings.While these four corrective measures were described in simplistic terms, they are in no way meant to imply that an implementation of better practices over a two week period will correct the poor practices that took many years to develop. However, over the two week period that we implemented these practices, we saw a reduction in the number and duration of meetings. The results over this short implementation period indicate enough improvement to convince us that these changes will become increasing ly effective in the long term.Through senior management emphasis of meeting relevance, meeting preparation, and detailed follow-up our organization is well on its way to inculcating a cultural change that will improve time management and increase the effectiveness of the largest consumer of time in our daily work day. Time Management 1. What are the major activities and tasks that take up most of your time (family, school, work, etc. )? Explain how much time you spend on each of these major activities. The three major activites that I go through on a day to day basis are work, family, and school. My work takes up a big majority of my day, I work from 0500-0600 after that I take time to talk to my wife from 0630-0800 then I into work and don’t get off until 6pm. After work I usually take about two to three hours to work on school. 2. Define Circadian Rhythm in your own words. When is your high-energy time? What activities are you completing during this high-energy time? Is any study time during your high energy time? Circadian Rhythm is basicly a cycle that your mind or body is adjusted to within a certain time period. My high energry time would be right as I’m coming into work and I’m usually making sure everything is done from the previous day and getting up to speed on the current day. I would like to think that I have two high energy times because when I get off of work my energy level is boosted for some reason. 3. Your textbook emphasizes the importance of using â€Å"To Do Lists. † Go to this website: www. mindtools. om. Find the section that deals with â€Å"To Do Lists. † Why are To-Do Lists important for success in school and in a career? How do they keep one organized? A To-Do list is a very important tool to use for example; you take all the tasks you must do in a day and you set priorities on them starting from your top priorities on the top of your To-Do list. This enables you not to forget about a certain task and it make your workload not seem so heavy. 4. Select one other tip in the mindtools. com site that would be helpful to you. Name and summarize this tip. Be sure to explain how this tip might apply to you personally. Activity Logs are another good tool to use to manage your time. They enable you to see how much time you waste everyday due to little breaks or conversation with coulages. This helps me to see how much time I actually have everyday to use to my advantage to get stuff done and not waste time. 5. What do we mean by top-priority tasks? What criteria do you use to determine top priority tasks? Identify a top-priority task in your current work/school week. Explain why it is a top priority. A top priority task is a certain project or job that could possibly be big or take a lot of time that has a deadline. For example at my job this week I need to reimage my whole companies computers. This command came down from higher up which means it needs to be done ASAP. 6. The six business practices in the management process are planning, organization, staffing, delegating, directing and motivating, and evaluating. How would poor time management negatively affect business? Assume you own the company. Poor time management could cause a company to lose lots of money, if jobs are not done in a descent time frame you might lose a customer or be paying your employees to slack off instead of doing work. . You have heard the saying, â€Å"Time is money. † Do you agree? Elaborate on this statement. If you owned a company, would this saying be important? How would you watch the â€Å"bottom line† when dealing with your time and your employees’ time? I totally agree that â€Å"Time is money†, everything in a business is about time frames and deadlines. Making deadline early or o n time makes your company look professional in which case your company can grow from this. Missing deadlines can cause you lots of money and shows bad business. I would just anazlye project and projected deadlines to make sure they are being finished in a timely manner. 8. A key factor in time management is having well organized goals with an Action Plan. Create an Action Plan for your educational goals and be sure to include short-term, mid-term, and long-term goals. Before you do this part of the assignment, make sure you have reviewed the Unit 2 Online Lecture (dealing with Action Plans). My Long term goals are to have a Bachelor’s Degree in Network Security and graduating with a 3. 5 GPA. My mid-term goal would be to get as many certification while in school as possible and to work hard making good grades. My short term goals would be to continue on my path of completing assignments on time, and making my To-Do lists. 9. What causes you to waste time? Explain what you can do to reduce the amount of time in each these areas. A lot of my time wasted is due to me just being tired and lazy. My job has a heavy work load everyday and when I’m off I just like to relax. I am going to push myself to get through the weak spots and push my lazyness to the side. 10. Take a stand. Write a contract with yourself about how to get organized, to meet deadlines, to conquer procrastination and to balance college and family. Be specific and detailed and explain how you'll achieve each of the goals from your contract. I Jordan Galindo am going to maintan my discipline and not procrastinaation on my school work. I will start school work everyday from 6pm-9pm. I will continue to do this throughout my whole time in school. When I finish I will reward myself with a big shopping spree. If I don’t complte this I will take away my movies to take a disctration away from myself. Signed: Jordan Galindo 20110906 Time Management Another technique of personal time management is proportioning the time in academic life. Proportioning the time is keeping a time log for seven days which is 168 hours (des. Elaine & Leslie, 2006). There are three term of time log which are have to do, ought to do, and like to do on activities.The things that have to do are much is done on each week in highest priority such as eating, sleeping, attending lectures or tutorials class and others. Next is considering ought to do what is person support to do. These are not a high rarity but need preparation to contribute the important goals such as conducting research studies, a phone call to the family, outdoor game like playing football or playing badminton, and others. Lastly, consider like to do items. These are lower priority but need to contribute the unimportant goals. The unimportant goals may be fun and exciting and give some relax or others activities.When someone is enabling to manage the time more effectively, it will be redu ce stress in academic life (des. Elaine & Leslie, 2006). Time wasters are also a technique of personal time management (des. Elaine & Leslie, 2006). There are two types of time wasters which is the self- inflicted time wasters and external time. The self-inflicted time wasters include procrastination, perfectionism, self-discipline, worrying, personal disorientation, over commitment, and lack of priorities. When you are a student on procrastination, make sure that must be finished your things by setting a deadline and then sticking to it.Perfectionism occurs when student is engrossed to do something that not trying to do in other tasks. Self- discipline is important to a course of study when doing a work may not be too official. Personal disorientation is to remain focus what are your doing for your task before starting the new one. Over commitment is telling a student to say ‘no' on the lives. A student may said ‘no' to someone when invite to play or drink something. Ex ternal time wasters include telephone, visitors, intrusions, television, traveling, waiting, coffee bar conversation, and crises.When telephone is ring, ask someone to answer it or use an answering machine. The meaning visitor on personal time management is telling your friend that you are busy now and invite you on the other time when free. If watching television programmed, measure you are not be able to watching another television programmed when watching a favorite programmed (des. Elaine & Leslie, 2006). REDUCE STRESS It is easily to use the technique of personal time management on my academics life. Firstly, I will manage my own budget for my money when am coming for university life without accompany by parent.Next, I will manage my own time by into two parts which is study and recreational activities. When am studying, have to find some information by internet, lecturer and the classmate. It is a better way to learn when I revising for the examination. A recreational activity such as sport, drama can help me to reduce the stress on my academic life. According to Erin R. Wheeler (n . D. ), time management is an essential factor to reduce stress. They can manage their own time by complete the assignment early better rushing to do an assignment or cramming for test. In conclusion, successful time management is one of the important in academic life. Time Management Time Management is a very important soft skill. There are very few people in the world that would say time isn’t valuable. Once that minute, hour, or second is gone you cannot get it back; that why you should value it and use it responsible especially if you have goals or thing that must be accomplish. Time management not only helps you accomplish thing effectively. Before I started IU University most of my time was dedicated to my job and my daughter. I worked 40-50 hours a week, my daughter and my motherly duties took up the rest. This week assignment has shined a light on some good resources and tips to help me with time management. I have learned that I can’t do it all. Creating a to-do list putting the most important task or goal at top help getting things done in due time. Planning each day and scheduling your daily activities helps keep conflicts and the last second rush to get things done out your way. My biggest problem I have is; I always want to get thing done fast and perfect at the same time and most time when you do things that way is never get done the right way. I learned everything don’t have to be perfect. Trying to be perfect can slow down your productivity and put you in the position can stop you from completing important goals and tasks. Trying to do thing speedy can make you over look very important things that can benefit you. Even though I want to get everything done quickly and perfect; the cons behind it would send me right back to the starting point so I will just take my time and focus on getting it done the right way. Organization is a major part of time management. If you time is scatter all over thing would never get done effectively. Part of be organized is to prioritize your task and goals. Define what task and goals are more important. It will help you know where most of you time need to go. It is proven fact that people who are disorganized are more confused and frantic. The more organized you are the more time you have and opportunity you have to spend just relaxing. This assignment has made me realize with the soft skill time management so much can get done. Time management is like a motivation to achieve your goals or task. Everyone can benefit from time management from single mothers to big business owner. If you use your time effectively and work on your top task and goals every day you will get there with massive success. References Schroeder, J. (2006). Time management takeaways. Public Relations Tactics, 13(6), 4-4. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/205168175?accountid=41759 Tracy, B. (2012). 3 barriers to effective time management. LifeHealthPro, Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1221431784?accountid=41759 Melinte, I. E. (2013). Time management – a paradigm of contemporary society. International Journal of Communication Research, 3(1), 15-21. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1324458397?accountid=41759 Time Management Time ManagementJeremy Schultz Time management is essential in the learning process for many reasons. You can get more done in less time, by planning your time you can see the amount of work that needs to be finished. Your work is also of better quality knowing what to work on, when and how much time you have to finish makes you focus harder which makes the quality better. From my experience it also forces me to things I do not like.When I plan on what I need to do it pops out at me and I am forced to tackle it it’s like a target and I must complete the challenge. If it is a long term career plan or just a daily schedule the fact is time management keeps you on track. I learned through this exercise that I manage my time really the best I can. Right now my time is tight and I need to make the best of my time managing. This was a typical day which I considered a week day on my days I need to come up with I plan because I usually waste the day away.I did realize the need to be fl exible with a tight schedule like I have things are always going to come up and change but the schoolwork is still there and making the dedication to follow my plan and be flexible enough to complete the plan my time management can be successful. The only thing I can do to improve my time my time management is really not procrastinating and putting things off. Sometimes I just get a little lazy and before I know I’m asleep on the coach and nothing has been accomplished. I need to sick to the plan and maybe sleep on my days off. Time management can improve your preparation for class by making you more prepared.When you are accomplishing things on time then you have the time to ask questions which makes you more prepared. Great time management is always keeping you focused Time management is a huge part of managing yourself. If you cannot manage time and won’t manage your limited resources, how do you plan to achieve your goals? Pace is basically the main idea behind tim e management. Being prepared, active listening, commitment and engagements are the all the keys to good time managing. If I can follow this simple strategy I know I can follow through in my time management. Time Management Time Management is a very important soft skill. There are very few people in the world that would say time isn’t valuable. Once that minute, hour, or second is gone you cannot get it back; that why you should value it and use it responsible especially if you have goals or thing that must be accomplish. Time management not only helps you accomplish thing effectively. Before I started IU University most of my time was dedicated to my job and my daughter. I worked 40-50 hours a week, my daughter and my motherly duties took up the rest. This week assignment has shined a light on some good resources and tips to help me with time management. I have learned that I can’t do it all. Creating a to-do list putting the most important task or goal at top help getting things done in due time. Planning each day and scheduling your daily activities helps keep conflicts and the last second rush to get things done out your way. My biggest problem I have is; I always want to get thing done fast and perfect at the same time and most time when you do things that way is never get done the right way. I learned everything don’t have to be perfect. Trying to be perfect can slow down your productivity and put you in the position can stop you from completing important goals and tasks. Trying to do thing speedy can make you over look very important things that can benefit you. Even though I want to get everything done quickly and perfect; the cons behind it would send me right back to the starting point so I will just take my time and focus on getting it done the right way. Organization is a major part of time management. If you time is scatter all over thing would never get done effectively. Part of be organized is to prioritize your task and goals. Define what task and goals are more important. It will help you know where most of you time need to go. It is proven fact that people who are disorganized are more confused and frantic. The more organized you are the more time you have and opportunity you have to spend just relaxing. This assignment has made me realize with the soft skill time management so much can get done. Time management is like a motivation to achieve your goals or task. Everyone can benefit from time management from single mothers to big business owner. If you use your time effectively and work on your top task and goals every day you will get there with massive success. References Schroeder, J. (2006). Time management takeaways. Public Relations Tactics, 13(6), 4-4. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/205168175?accountid=41759 Tracy, B. (2012). 3 barriers to effective time management. LifeHealthPro, Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1221431784?accountid=41759 Melinte, I. E. (2013). Time management – a paradigm of contemporary society. International Journal of Communication Research, 3(1), 15-21. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1324458397?accountid=41759 Time Management Time ManagementJeremy Schultz Time management is essential in the learning process for many reasons. You can get more done in less time, by planning your time you can see the amount of work that needs to be finished. Your work is also of better quality knowing what to work on, when and how much time you have to finish makes you focus harder which makes the quality better. From my experience it also forces me to things I do not like.When I plan on what I need to do it pops out at me and I am forced to tackle it it’s like a target and I must complete the challenge. If it is a long term career plan or just a daily schedule the fact is time management keeps you on track. I learned through this exercise that I manage my time really the best I can. Right now my time is tight and I need to make the best of my time managing. This was a typical day which I considered a week day on my days I need to come up with I plan because I usually waste the day away.I did realize the need to be fl exible with a tight schedule like I have things are always going to come up and change but the schoolwork is still there and making the dedication to follow my plan and be flexible enough to complete the plan my time management can be successful. The only thing I can do to improve my time my time management is really not procrastinating and putting things off. Sometimes I just get a little lazy and before I know I’m asleep on the coach and nothing has been accomplished. I need to sick to the plan and maybe sleep on my days off. Time management can improve your preparation for class by making you more prepared.When you are accomplishing things on time then you have the time to ask questions which makes you more prepared. Great time management is always keeping you focused Time management is a huge part of managing yourself. If you cannot manage time and won’t manage your limited resources, how do you plan to achieve your goals? Pace is basically the main idea behind tim e management. Being prepared, active listening, commitment and engagements are the all the keys to good time managing. If I can follow this simple strategy I know I can follow through in my time management. Time Management Time Management is a very important soft skill. There are very few people in the world that would say time isn’t valuable. Once that minute, hour, or second is gone you cannot get it back; that why you should value it and use it responsible especially if you have goals or thing that must be accomplish. Time management not only helps you accomplish thing effectively. Before I started IU University most of my time was dedicated to my job and my daughter. I worked 40-50 hours a week, my daughter and my motherly duties took up the rest. This week assignment has shined a light on some good resources and tips to help me with time management. I have learned that I can’t do it all. Creating a to-do list putting the most important task or goal at top help getting things done in due time. Planning each day and scheduling your daily activities helps keep conflicts and the last second rush to get things done out your way. My biggest problem I have is; I always want to get thing done fast and perfect at the same time and most time when you do things that way is never get done the right way. I learned everything don’t have to be perfect. Trying to be perfect can slow down your productivity and put you in the position can stop you from completing important goals and tasks. Trying to do thing speedy can make you over look very important things that can benefit you. Even though I want to get everything done quickly and perfect; the cons behind it would send me right back to the starting point so I will just take my time and focus on getting it done the right way. Organization is a major part of time management. If you time is scatter all over thing would never get done effectively. Part of be organized is to prioritize your task and goals. Define what task and goals are more important. It will help you know where most of you time need to go. It is proven fact that people who are disorganized are more confused and frantic. The more organized you are the more time you have and opportunity you have to spend just relaxing. This assignment has made me realize with the soft skill time management so much can get done. Time management is like a motivation to achieve your goals or task. Everyone can benefit from time management from single mothers to big business owner. If you use your time effectively and work on your top task and goals every day you will get there with massive success. References Schroeder, J. (2006). Time management takeaways. Public Relations Tactics, 13(6), 4-4. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/205168175?accountid=41759 Tracy, B. (2012). 3 barriers to effective time management. LifeHealthPro, Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1221431784?accountid=41759 Melinte, I. E. (2013). Time management – a paradigm of contemporary society. International Journal of Communication Research, 3(1), 15-21. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1324458397?accountid=41759 Time Management Time ManagementJeremy Schultz Time management is essential in the learning process for many reasons. You can get more done in less time, by planning your time you can see the amount of work that needs to be finished. Your work is also of better quality knowing what to work on, when and how much time you have to finish makes you focus harder which makes the quality better. From my experience it also forces me to things I do not like.When I plan on what I need to do it pops out at me and I am forced to tackle it it’s like a target and I must complete the challenge. If it is a long term career plan or just a daily schedule the fact is time management keeps you on track. I learned through this exercise that I manage my time really the best I can. Right now my time is tight and I need to make the best of my time managing. This was a typical day which I considered a week day on my days I need to come up with I plan because I usually waste the day away.I did realize the need to be fl exible with a tight schedule like I have things are always going to come up and change but the schoolwork is still there and making the dedication to follow my plan and be flexible enough to complete the plan my time management can be successful. The only thing I can do to improve my time my time management is really not procrastinating and putting things off. Sometimes I just get a little lazy and before I know I’m asleep on the coach and nothing has been accomplished. I need to sick to the plan and maybe sleep on my days off. Time management can improve your preparation for class by making you more prepared.When you are accomplishing things on time then you have the time to ask questions which makes you more prepared. Great time management is always keeping you focused Time management is a huge part of managing yourself. If you cannot manage time and won’t manage your limited resources, how do you plan to achieve your goals? Pace is basically the main idea behind tim e management. Being prepared, active listening, commitment and engagements are the all the keys to good time managing. If I can follow this simple strategy I know I can follow through in my time management.

What is Slavery - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 1020 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/05/14 Category Society Essay Level High school Tags: Slavery Essay Did you like this example? Slavery this is a system that was made to sell or buy people to holding them at the workplace through force in most places without paying, they were also used for sexual purposes and they dont have a choice to do what they want or make any decisions because they were a property of slaveholders. There are different types of slave as Debt Bondage, this means that person who have loan that could not pay become a slave until he work off the loan but its almost impossible to pay off because the amount owed keep growing up over the time and could not be never payed, Contract Slavery means that worked making false contract with employment that not include things that employer wants and after employer become working without pay and could not cancel the contract, Sex Trafficking means slaveholder sell slave for commercial sex act. Slaves was forced to work on farms or factories or any other place where slaveholders forced. Slavery was known even before our era, the first place where it’s started was in Mesopotamia where after the war enemies are captured people and forced them to work.   Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "What is Slavery?" essay for you Create order In America Slaves begin in early 15th century when Spanish explorers bring Africans slaves. Slave in America was important for economy system, because without slaves farms and factories would not have enough people to function properly and slaves was a perfect choose, they could work all day everyday getting cent and if slave die slaveholder will troth them out. Slaves was not allow to do anything until the owner tell them, they would not allow to married even on white person but marriage between slave was exist. Some slaveholders forced to marry because slaveholders believe that man that is married have less motivation to run away. Slave marriage was also good for slaveholders because they could get new slave but if woman did not born child she could be sold, according to Annie L. Burton, man and women that trying to get marry will make a party with slaves, and one marriage ceremony that they have to do is jumping over a stick, but during a year if women did not born children she would get sold. But some slave did not want to get marry because man or woman dont want to see that hires groom or his bride get bite and they can’t do nothing, as Moses Grandy said â€Å"o colored man wishes to live at the house where his wife lives, for he has to endure the continual misery of seeing her flogged and abused without daring to say a word in her defence. Moses Grandy was a slave in Camden County, North Carolina. He has at least eight of his brothers and sisters which was sold by his owner. But however he got married by his owner and one day slaveholder sold his wife and he never saw her again.[Life of a Slave].Religion was an important part of slave system slaveholders try to make their slave to follow religion in most cases it was Christian. They use religion to control slave by saying â€Å"God watching you†, ‘if you work hard in this life you will be in heaven†, slaveholders use this to avoid escapes or any self-will. During the time slave became illegally and all slaves became free people but freedom was not like how slave dreaming, they get their freedom by law but not all white people could accept that. For slaves its was hard to adapt because all their life owners were telling them what to do and now they have to make choosing what to do and where to go. but this was not only one problem like a said not all white people cant accept that slaves are free and white people start to kill them or keep them against will. One of that group was KKK clan that kill black people on purpose and now to find slave in for an interview is hard because of not all of them alive but some people find slaves that can tell their story. We going to take look at two interviews that were taken from the same woman. Those stories were retold by two different person and different time those stories may seem similar but they are different from each other. The first interview was taken by the white lady that was interviewing Susan Hamlin, Hamlin was 104 years old. She tells good things about her slaveholder that he cared about them. The second interview was taken by the black man and she was 101 years old and she was not positive. Does Susan Hamline lie? But it was no point to lie, she could they the world truth about slaves or She was saying only good things to the white woman because she was white? She maybe felt convenient with the back man and tell him more or she forgets not a good things? Hamline was old how we know old people dont remember a lot and may forget something that was happened in the past but scientist Michael Ramscar saying that brain in old people dont work worse than in younger people because old peoples brain has so much information that to get something from there becomes hard. The brain doesnt have unlimited space when you learn something new you may forget something old. Slavery was important history think but more important was people who tell the history without them we would not know a lot about past but it doesn’t meant that you can trust any sources because if you not know where’s that source coming from. Outline New Slavery: A Reference Handbook by Kevin Bales, Second Edition, Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2004, pp. 55-68. https://www.freetheslaves.net/about-slavery/slavery-in-history/ Annie L. Burton, Memories of Childhoods Slavery Days (1909) https://spartacus-educational.com/USASmarriage.htm Moses Grandy, Life of a Slave , Book(1843) https://spartacus-educational.com/USASgrandy.htm After-the-Fact-The-Art-of-Historical-Detection Sixth edition by James West Davidson, Mark Hamilton Lytle, page 184-188 Michael Ramscar, The Myth of Cognitive Decline: Non-Linear Dynamics ofLifelong Learning, 2013 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/tops.12078