Reclusion vs. Seclusion

Reclusion vs. Seclusion Reclusion vs. Seclusion Reclusion vs. Seclusion By Maeve Maddox A reader asks to know the difference between â€Å"reclusion and seclusion, reclusive and seclusive.† Although synonyms for one another, these words are not interchangeable in every context. Of the nouns, seclusion is used more frequently than reclusion to refer to a state of being apart from society. One of its meanings is â€Å"a desirable separation from the hustle and bustle of daily life†: Wilderness lodges and resorts offer the utmost in luxurious accommodations and amenities, while providing the seclusion that many travelers seek when they visit Alaska. Shrouded by forest, Monterey estate offers seclusion, serenity In the context of public education, seclusion is a term for the prescribed separation of a disruptive student from classmates: The immediate goal of seclusion is to defuse a dangerous situation, protect the student and others from injury, and regain a safe, controlled, productive learning environment. Reclusion also refers to the state of being separated from society, but this word carries the connotation that the separation is a chosen way of life. Although the adjective seclusive may be found in the OED, it is not in common use. Reclusive is the common word used to mean, â€Å"disposed to prefer seclusion or isolation.† The word reclusion has religious origins. In the Middle Ages, women called anchoresses lived in reclusion: they inhabited a cell or small suite of rooms attached to a church and never left. Food was passed to them through a window. Some anchoresses, like Dame Julian of Norwich, received visitors for purposes of counseling, but some lived apart from all but the most necessary interaction with other people, sealed up in their cells as in a tomb. The word for a person who chooses a life of reclusion is recluse (American pronunciation: [REK-loos]; British pronunciation [ri-KLOOS]). In modern usage, the noun recluse and the adjective reclusive are used mainly in a nonreligious context. For example, well-known personalitiesliving and dead are often described as reclusive, notably, J.D. Salinger, Harper Lee, Emily Dickinson, and Howard Hughes. Here are some examples from the Web: Snowden A Recluse One Year On After Receiving Russia Asylum Reclusive  mining  heiress  leaves $30 million to the nurse For the past ten years, the London-born actor [Daniel Day-Lewis] has led a resolutely reclusive existence, locked away on a remote 50-acre estate in the mountains of County Wicklow Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Idioms About Talking15 Types of Documents1,462 Basic Plot Types

Of Mice And Men †John Steinbeck

Of Mice And Men – John Steinbeck Free Online Research Papers The classic American novel Of Mice and Men is a great example of allusion to another author’s work. Allusion is where an author refers to another work or existed work of literature in their work. John Steinbeck is the author of the novel Of Mice and Men, and in this novel he alludes to Robert Burns’ poem To A Mouse. In To A Mouse it shows how schemes, or plans, of mice and men often go awry. Steinbeck uses this in his title of his American novel. In the novel Of Mice and Men all of the main characters in the storyline have dreams or goals they want to accomplish throughout their life. The character named George has a great example of a dream or goal to accomplish. George wants to get a patch of his own land, because he does not like living in a bunkhouse on a farm. Like every other characters dream in Steinbeck’s novel, it goes awry, or wrong. The determined, mean, and little boxer named Curly has an ambitious dream of being a boxer. After getting into a fight in the bunkhouse, Curly hears Lennie laughing. Assuming Lennie is laughing at him, he picks a fight and starts hitting Lennie. Lennie ends up crushing Curly’s hand, crushing his dream of becoming a boxer. Crooks is a black, crippled old fellow. He lives in the stables by the farm animals, showing how he is looked upon in society back then. Crooks was nothing better than a farm animal, and he just wants to be equal. His dream of being equal goes awry when Curly’s tart wife threatens him with her superiority as a woman, and the things she could say. Curly’s wife wants to be a great actress in the movies. She tells Lennie that she is tired of being with Curly and wants to get out of the bunkhouse sometime. Curly’s wife then starts showing off her shiny, soft hair to Lennie as they are talking. Curly’s wife eventually gets her neck snapped when Lennie will not let go of her hair, thus her dream of being in the movies, obviously, is not going to come true. All of these characters play a role in the theme of the book. Most of the characters, if not all of them are misfits. Every one of the characters has dreams; every single one of them goes awry. Lennie Small is a fascinating character. He is no where near small, and cannot control his need to feel or pet soft items or people. Lennie, at the end of the novel, is put out of his misery and suffering just like Candy’s dog. Candy’s dog was old and getting worn out, with a dream to be young and live again. Why would Candy want the poor dog to suffer? George had this problem with Lennie. Why would George want Lennie to suffer the consequences of his actions when he does not know what he did was wrong. After all, Curly would just want him lynched like a misfit on a tree. George cannot let Lennie endure this pain and agony. Just like the dog, Lennie was put out of his life with Carlson’s luger. Lennie’s dream of tending the rabbits and having land went awry when he was shot. No more soft, furry rabbits for Lennie. The settings found throughout Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men novel play a significant role to the plot. One of the settings is a pool of water surrounded by brush. This is where George tells Lennie to hide if he is ever in any trouble. The brush is also where Lennie’s dream of tending little rabbits goes awry, when he is shot with Carlson’s luger by George. The bunkhouse is like the farm pub. Everyone is introduced to George and Lennie here. The bunkhouse is also George and Lennie’s living quarter throughout this American novel. Inside this strange place, the character’s personalities and dreams are revealed. The barn is a sign of animalistic qualities in the storyline. Crooks lives like a farm animal in this barn. Curly’s wife has her neck brutally snapped by Lennie’s paws. Steinbeck often refers to Lennie’s hand as paws, showing the animalistic quality of Lennie and his actions. Foreshadowing is an element most authors use in their novels or stories. Steinbeck’s Of Mice and Men is no exception. Steinbeck uses multiple foreshadowing events in his novel. The first foreshadowing I noticed was that Lennie liked to pet soft things, such as a girl’s dress. George early on in the book asks Lennie about what is in his pocket. After a little argument, Lennie reveals a little dead rabbit in his pocket. The first foreshadowing event leads up to the next. If Lennie ever gets into trouble, George tells him to go to the brush by the pool, foreshadowing Lennie’s ultimate death. Carlson’s luger is the next foreshadowing event. Carlson is always cleaning his precious piece of metal and showing it off to the other residents of the bunkhouse. This luger, or gun, ends up being one of the causes for Lennie’s dream to go awry and the death of Candy’s dog. Of Mice and Men includes numerous items that make it a good novel, and an American classic. It includes allusion, foreshadowing, and it ultimately teaches us a lesson. Not all of your dreams in life come true, and most go wrong. Just like George, Lennie, Curly, and Candy, our dreams too will go awry in our lifetime. Research Papers on "Of Mice And Men" - John SteinbeckMind TravelThe Fifth HorsemanHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionWhere Wild and West MeetHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows Essay19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenHip-Hop is ArtThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsCapital Punishment

Cultural Background Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cultural Background - Essay Example Furthermore the maintenance of a staple food, rice and beans with pork, reminds me of the local flavors and aromas native to my country. Btu I think what contributes the most to maintaining a connection to our cultural background seems to have already been established by previous generations of Puerto Ricans. Since Puerto Ricans have been arriving to this country since the 1800s, there has already been collective social action in advocating political and social rights and preserving the heritage. There are more stateside Puerto Ricans in the states; about four million since the beginning of the twenty-first century then there are in Puerto Rico since 2003. There are contributions in all fronts from the entertainment industry, the labor market, the political aspect, and integrating celebration of Puerto Rican culture whenever possible. Currently there are at least fifty Puerto Rican parades that can be participated in across the nation and the majority of Puerto Ricans live together i n small communities, the largest in New York City, keeping ties to the culture tight.

Human resources management (HRM) Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Human resources management (HRM) - Coursework Example e world’s leading electronics and information technology companies has sourced out their products to Foxconn which is based in China because of its cheap labor which is the country’s comparative advantage. Cheap labor allows companies to procure the components of their products at a lower cost making their companies competitive and more profitable (The Economist 2008). There is also another advantage in sourcing out to Foxconn in China although companies would be less eager to admit. This is the relative relaxed and less stringent labor laws in China making that makes the operation of its business less complicated. In the case cited, such suicides and deaths in the workplace would have been unforgivable in the United States, Europe or Japan had these companies did not source their component. These companies would have been embroiled with the regulatory authorities under the threat of lawsuit, sanction and hefty fines. But these incidents are tolerated in China to the advantage of these firms because the HRM function is no longer their responsibility when they outsourced the manufacturing of their

Myself and My Course Essay Example for Free

Myself and My Course Essay Lets talk about myself, my name is Mark Vincent Y. Teodocio. I’m 17 years old. I was born on a warm, sunny day in September. I live at Cecilio Blanco Cmpd. Villamayor st. Brgy Pag-asa Binangonan Rizal. I am studying at WCC Antipolo. I live with my mom Edith, and my little brother johnly. My father died when I was in 2nd year high school. So my mom survived us alone. I have one sister namely Gladys. My sister has her own family now that’s why me and my little brother are the only one left to live with my mom. I started school when I was 4 years old. I went to kindergarten through 3rd year at Colegio De San Clemente Angono, Rizal. Then I attended Angono Private High School for my 4th year high school. I am now a first year college student at World Citi Colleges currently aiming to graduate my bachelor degree in Business administration in the near future. My favorite sports is Volleyball. I love surfing the internet if I have free time, opening my mails, visit my facebook account and chat with my friends so I stay connected with them anytime and anywhere. I’m not used to play computer games like others do. Spend the whole day in front of the computer. My favorite colors are red, blue and black. My friend sees me as a kind, sweet, funny and friendly person. Life to me means friends and family. Who you can trust and who trust you. I am pretty much on the bright side of life. But like all teens do. I do have my days of sadness or depression. I have some few friends who looks out for me during those days or when I’m having a bad days. I have someone here at school to talk to. I make my school days go by thinking of either the next hour or what I will do when I get home or on the weekend. Now, lets talk about my course. As I said in the beginning I’m a freshmen student. Taking up Bachelor of science in business administration major in marketing/management. And if you ask me why others should take my course. For me, business administration offers many advantages. Including vast amount of career opportunities in a variety of job sectors, and well paying jobs or high salary jobs. You will have the education to plan your financial and business future. Year 2016 will be the time I will graduate from college. In a few years i see myself as a successful Business man. Managing people with abilities and knowledge of what they are doing. The Boss of my own Company. And my name is known not only locally but internationally. At that time, i think I will probably be still living here at Angono, Rizal with my mom and my little brother. As I said in the beginning, I was born here in Angono, Rizal. And I’ve live here my whole life. I would like to see more of the philippines but unfortunately, I don’t have money to leave Angono, Rizal. to go anywhere right now. I hope you have enjoyed reading my life story as much I have enjoyed making it for you. Here’s a tip for you to live or try to live by: Hardwork will give you Power, being lazy will make you slave.

Tension in The Red Room, The Cone and The Superstitious Mans Story Ess

Tension in The Red Room, The Cone and The Superstitious Man's Story 'The Red Room', The Cone' and 'The Superstitious Man's Story' are all short stories which were written before 1914. 'The Red Room' and 'The Cone' were both written by H.G. Wells and 'The Superstitious Man's Story' was written by Thomas Hardy. All three of these stories were written in Victorian Times (1837-1901). These were years of great scientific and technological developments. The authors of the three stories show us a diminishing belief in superstition and supernatural. The authors of 'The Red Room' and 'The Superstitious Man's Story' have written the stories in the style of a gothic one, although they don’t end up being supernatural. However, 'The Cone' has been written with no gothic features, but it shows technological development as the title itself contains the word 'Cone' which is part of industrial terminology. Also, the setting is industrial and shows the development. 'The Red Room' is about a man who goes to a house and in particular a room which is seen to have ghosts in it and, therefore, no one goes in that room. However, this man goes in to prove there is no existence of a ghost. We find out that no ghost is present in the room and there never has been and it's just that fear has overcome the person. 'The Cone' is about a man and woman who are having an affair. Tension is created as the man and woman who are having an affair are not sure whether the woman's husband has found out about what is going on. At the end the woman's husband kills the other man and then after throwing him off a bridge on top of the hot, melting iron at the bottom, he realises he has done something terribly wrong. In contrast 'The Superstit... ...nd creates more tension, whereas if it was daytime people wouldn't be as scared, although it may influence the readers as creating tension. Feelings of characters creates tension in all stories, as it puts us in the place of the character and the description makes us feel, how the character is feeling. This creates tension and also maintains it, as we don’t know what will happen next. Imagery such as metaphors, similes and personification maintains the tension during the stories. It makes us create a flamboyant picture, of what is going on. Sentence structure also gives us a sense of tension as the build up of sentences tells us an important part is coming up, which creates anticipation for the readers. The work of H.G. Wells and Thomas Hardy has been successful and the way in which all three pre 1914 stories create tension and the way it is maintained.

Literature Review on Bulimia Nervosa and its Relation to the Personality Trait Introversion

Bulimia nervosa (BN) is one of the three major eating disorders commonly addressed in the field of psychology. The disorder is primarily characterized by an abnormal eating behavior that usually involves binging on food for a certain period of time as a response to personal stressors. Often referred to as a binge/purge syndrome, the eating disorder may involve such behaviors as induced vomiting, laxative and diuretic abuse, excessive exercise and unnecessary fasting. The disease usually has an onset age between 15 and 18 years and is said to affect 1-5% of (young) women in general.The disorder is generally hard to detect due to several reasons. These reasons include: a) bulimics are good at hiding their rituals; b) most weigh within normal range for their height, sex and age and only a few are under or overweight; and c) they demonstrate appropriate and normal eating habits in public circumstances. Furthermore, â€Å"eating disorders have for a long time been thought of as a culture -bound syndrome concerning white, middle class women, and often have not been thought to exist in other societies or cultures.However, studies show that eating disorders are present also in non-western societies, though not as prevalent† (Ekeroth, 2005, p. 19). Some signs and symptoms bulimics may exhibit include dental and gum diseases due to gastric acid exposure; irregular menstrual periods; swollen parotid glands; gastrointestinal problems such as bloating, constipation, and ulcers (gastric and duodenal); and electrolyte imbalances as a result of dehydration with accompanying symptoms such as hypotension, dizziness and light headedness (Sewell, 2000 ,p. 5-6).The diagnosis of BN is primarily accomplished through the determination of the following criteria: â€Å": a) recurrent episodes of binge eating (rapid consumption of a large amount of food in a discrete period of time); b) a feeling of lack of control over eating behavior during the eating binges; c) regularly engagi ng in self-induced vomiting, the use of laxatives or diuretics, strict dieting or fasting, or vigorous exercise in order to prevent weight gain; d) a minimum of two binge-eating episodes a week for at least three months; and e)persistent over concern with body shape and weight† (Sewell, 2000, p. 6). In the paper written by Tracy Sewell (2000), she discusses the prevalence of eating disorders (ED) as affecting an estimated 2-3% of post pubertal girls and women with an additional 5-10% of whom have â€Å"subclinical† eating disorders. Apparently, a significant number of girls are psychologically distressed suffering in quiet disturbance which makes their cries for help harder to hear and easier to ignore.As it were, girls tend to perceive their bodies, as it moves away from the thin prepubertal look, as overweight – resulting in unhappy feelings and the development of maladaptive methods of coping such as extreme dietary measures (p. 98-99). Sewell (2003) discusses several variables as affecting the incidence of the disorder. One such variable researchers have often associated with the disorder is the self-esteem levels/values of women.Issues often surrounding the disorder include body shape dissatisfaction which have been found to be highly correlated with the disorder as having both a mediating and moderating effect depending on outcome measures used. Additionally, she notes that â€Å"disordered eating can be conceptualized along a continuum, ranging from concern with weight and normal eating, to â€Å"normative discontent† with weight and moderately deregulated/restrained eating, to anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa† (3).â€Å"Normative discontent,† however, does not necessarily mean a psychiatric diagnosis or categorization, the condition itself – in its own right – can cause considerable distress and thus is a potential risk factor for developing BN syndrome (3). Perception plays a vital role in the pathology of the disorder. Most studies done on the subject reveal that bulimic women tend to report significant distortion of their body parts. They are greatly dissatisfied with their bodies which lead them to perceive themselves as larger than they really are and thus desire to become much smaller (Sewell, 2000, p.102). Apparently, there is a high connection between depression, body esteem, body image pre-occupation (Sewell, 2000, p. 103); Baigrie & Giraldez, 2008, p. 173; Watson, 2008, p. 6-7) teasing, anxiety, hostility, boredom, dietary restraint (Baigrie & Giraldez, 2008), neuroticism, obsessive compulsive disorders [OCD], borderline personality disorder [BPD] and extroversion (Watson, 2008, p. 6-7) with the development of eating disturbances in young women with low self-esteem.Sewell’s (2000) research into the subject of BN reveals that there are several correlated factors in the development of the disorder. One such factor is the onset of adolescence which is viewed as a turbulent time of â€Å"storm and stress† as the young woman’s family values come into conflict with societal, peer and media-espoused values. Numerous studies have established that adjustment problems peak during this time and thus contribute to the struggle for identity and independence (p. 6-7). Additionally, she found that certain predictive symptoms of BN can be found as soon as early childhood.These include eating and digestive problems such as problems with self-control of eating behaviors as well as eating-related family struggles. Notably, it was discovered that parents of bulimics – most especially the father – demonstrated personality profiles suggestive of disturbed affect, weak internal controls, unmodulated expression of hostile impulses and absent emotionally satisfying intrafamilial ties. It was also found that relatives of bulimics were more likely to suffer frequently from affective disorders, alcoholism and drug use disorders (p.8 ). Furthermore, it was discovered that the families of individuals with bulimia and bulimia-like symptoms were characteristically lacking in commitment, help, support, and filled with anger, aggression and conflict. Additionally, they were also found to be â€Å"disengaged, chaotic, conflictual, and lacking in expressive communication† (p. 9-10). It was also discussed in the same research that feminine and masculine traits were also correlated with the development of the disorder, especially towards the development of a distorted body-image.Apparently in the case of eating disorders, feminine traits were valued negatively compared to masculine traits and this has led women to have more negative self-concepts than men do (Sewell, 2000, p. 11). In fact, it was found that: both masculine and feminine gender-typed women who strongly adhered to a superwoman ideal were at greater risk for eating disorders than androgynous superwomen were. In contrast, androgynous superwomen had rel atively low potential for disordered eating and appeared comparable to women who regardless of gender typing rejected the superwoman ideal.(Sewell, 2000, p. 13). Another area of correlation, according to the same research, is in the area of self-esteem. Apparently, low self-esteem is linked to indicators of psychological distress such as depression, neuroticism, anxiety, poor general adjustment and eating disorders. According to studies, it is generally accepted that those who have low self esteem have a greater risk of developing eating disorders (Sewell, 2000, p. 14). The issue of body image in bulimics has been found to have distinctions between body-size distortion and body dissatisfaction.The former is described to be a â€Å"perceptual† disturbance where the patient appears unable to assess personal size accurately. The latter, on the other hand, has a more attitudinal (cognitive and affective) nature and has no disturbed size awareness. To quote: â€Å" [in] this type patients assess their physical dimensions accurately but they react to their bodies with extreme forms of disparagement or occasional[] aggrandizement† (Sewell, 2000, p. 15). These two types are also known to operate separately or conjointly, depending on the complexity of the disorder.Depression was also found to be highly correlated to the development of bulimia. Research indicates that around 60% of all bulimics suffer from a form of depression and that these feelings may be rooted in troubles with socialization. Studies have shown that socialization encourages the development of feminine characteristics in young women, however, the same activity also predispose them to develop â€Å"learned helplessness† – a form of maladaptation pattern towards stress.This may be due to the imposition of the â€Å"thin ideal† primarily on women which results in the higher frequency of depression in the group (Sewell, 2000, p. 16). In fact it was found that â€Å"dep ression was related to eating attitudes in fifth and sixth grade girls [which] suggest that preoccupation with food and dieting in girls begins in the fifth and sixth grades and increases in the seventh and eighth grades, a time when most girls are completing puberty† (Sewell, 2000, p. 18).Additionally, Sewell (2000) described in her research two sets of variables which the author predicted to have either predisposing effects (variables A) or precipitating effects (variables B) on the development of eating disorders. Findings for the research indicated that variables designated as B (which included self esteem and body shape dissatisfaction) had a more direct relationship in predicting eating disorder risk (p. 50-51). Apparently, it was also found that dieting can be an entree into an eating disorder especially if it were accompanied by certain risk factors and intensified by certain issues (p.51). Other findings discussed by the author included several psychological measures designed to estimate the presence of risk factors such as the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Inventory, Body Shape Questionnaire, endorsed sex roles, Social Insecurity Subscale and the Interoceptive Awareness Subscale (Sewell, 2000, p. 52-53, 57, 106, 108). According to the research, those who are at risk of developing eating disorders usually score high in the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Inventory – a measure indicating the presence of lowered self-esteem.Scoring high in the Body Shape Questionnaire test, on the other hand, indicates greater body shape dissatisfaction. These two measures combined indicate a greater risk for respondents falling within the clinical diagnosis range (p. 52-53). In terms of reported sex role, those who endorsed an androgynous sex role orientation were found to have higher body mass indices (BMI) and scored lowest in the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT), supporting findings in literature which state that those individuals with a more androgynous sex-role orientation generally score highest in self-esteem (p.57). Meanwhile, high scores on the Social Insecurity Subscale reflects the level of perceived tension, insecurity, disappointment, unrewarding and generally poor quality of social relationships while the Interoceptive Awareness Subscale, on the other hand, measures confusion and apprehension in recognizing and accurately responding to emotional states.It also reflects one's lack of confidence in recognizing and accurately identifying sensations of hunger and satiety (p. 108). Interpreting these various data led Sewell (2000) to the following conclusions: numerous literatures indicate decreased self-esteem leads to a greater likelihood of being diagnosed with an eating disorder.Similarly, increased body shape dissatisfaction and poor body image are strongly related to eating disorders and those individuals who indicated they â€Å"always† exercise were more likely to be diagnosed with an eating disorder than those who indicated they ex ercised less frequently. This also agrees with findings in the literature that indicates individuals who have an eating disorder are inclined to engage in great amounts of exercise, rather than exercise in moderation. (p. 52-53).These, therefore, are the gist of Sewell’s findings on BN and other eating disorders: a) the disorder is highly predisposed by depression; b) several complex co-morbidities precipitate the development of eating disorders; c) failed, faulty or maladaptive social and familial interactions can affect the likeliness of developing the eating disorders; and d) BN and other eating disorders display high levels of body distortion and dissatisfaction which all point towards lowered body and self esteems.In a separate study conducted by Kerstin Ekeroth (2005) where the author tackled psychological problems in adolescents and young women, she found that â€Å"patients with bulimia nervosa (BN) scored higher than both patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) and thos e with an eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS) on most problem scales,† supporting the findings of Sewell and other literatures. Additionally, the author also mentions that AN-bingers/purgers (an AN subclass similar in behavior with bulimics) scored higher in externalizing behaviors than pure restrictors (p. 4).In terms of co-morbidity, the author also found strong relations with depression. However, the author also warns that starvation may cause symptoms similar to primary depressive disorder and thus has a potential to influence initial depression ratings. Similarly, it was also found that there are elevated frequencies of social phobia in both AN and BN patients. In fact, an estimated 75% of AN and 88% of BN patients had anxiety disorders predating the eating disorder (Ekeroth, 2005, p. 25-26). Additionally, the author described several personality disorder clusters usually found in persons with eating disorders.According to this description, BN patients most co mmonly demonstrate cluster B personality disorders. Cluster B personality disorders include borderline, antisocial, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders. Among these, it was found that borderline personality disorder is the most frequently reported. Additionally, BN patients also categorize under a cluster labeled C which includes disorders such as avoidant, dependent and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders. Apparently this cluster is commonly reported equally in both BN patients and AN patients (Ekeroth, 2005, p.27-28). Several studies have also reported that a higher frequency of suicidal behavior, drug use, and stealing are found in girls with BN indicating impulsivity disorders. As the author writes: Bulimic behavior is often thought of as an expression or manifestation of a failure to control impulses to eat, and to get rid of the food afterwards. In addition, earlier studies have found that girls with bulimia not only have lower impulse control and elevate d rates of impulsive behavior but also express more aggression compared to girls with AN.(Ekeroth, 2005, p. 29). This is further supported by the fact that many patients with BN seem to have disinhibitory problems. A possible explanation for this is that dieting and starvation has been found to not only influence mood lability but is also disruptive to the different psychoneuroendocrinological systems (Ekeroth, 2005, p. 30). The author also discussed that patients with eating disorders often experience conflicted relations with friends and family, and usually withdraw from social interaction.Despite this general characterization however, AN patients were found to be active in school and in sports. In complete contrast, BN girls were reported to have received less support from friends and family, experienced negative interactions and conflicts more frequently, and have less social competence (Ekeroth, 2005,p. 32). Furthermore, correlations identified by the author revealed the follow ing data: [C]orrelations between the internalizing and externalizing dimensions were 0. 51/0.49 (boys/girls), and for anxious/depressed, and aggressive behavior the correlations were 0. 49/0. 45 (boys/girls). Moreover, self-destructive/identity problems correlated high with anxious/depressed (r = 0. 78/0. 82 boys/girls) as well as with the internalizing dimension (r = 0. 77/0. 78 boys/girls) (Ekeroth, 2005, p. 40), revealing that a high correlation exists between self-destructive/identity problems with anxiety/depression and internalizing dimensions of persons with eating disorders.Other findings included in the paper also reveal that BN patients score higher on somatic complaints, attention problems, delinquent behavior, aggressive behavior, externalizing, and total problems compared to AN and EDNOS patients. This was supported by the fact that BN patients report higher degrees of problem externalization especially concerning delinquent behaviors compared to AN patints (Ekeroth, 20 05, p. 43). Additionally, BN patients were also reported to have more problems compared with AN patients.Similarly, BN patients were also reported to have more problems â€Å"than EDNOS patients on anxious/depressed, self-destructive/identity problems and internalizing† (Ekeroth, 2005, p. 41). These findings were in line with previous reports that girls with ED score significantly lower on competence, interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety, and psychoticism (Ekeroth, 2005, p. 48) – reinforcing the idea that â€Å"[f]eelings of self-competence and having close and good relations to family and peers might be important factors influencing coping potential and treatment outcome† (Ekeroth, 2005, p.43) of patients with eating disorders. Evidently, lack of competence is on of the common features in persons with eating disorders. However, like most constructs, this aspect is not easily defined (Ekeroth, 2005, p. 58). Additionally, the author discusses: Bulimic b ehavior has been linked to impulsivity†¦[h]owever, the definition of impulsivity is not clear-cut and simple. Impulsivity consists of two different aspects, lack of planning and urgency (the tendency to act rashly when experiencing negative affect), and that it is urgency, which is linked to bulimic behavior.Others have pointed at the distinction between internally and externally directed impulsive behavior, and suggest that general psychopathology is related to internally directed impulsivity (e. g. self-harm), while bulimic pathology is more specifically associated to externally directed impulsivity (e. g. theft). (Ekroth, 2005,p. 53). However, despite all these information, it is still generally regarded that there is still large uncertainty about the relevant distinction between AN-r (restrictive type), AN-b/p (binging/purgative type), and BN.(Ekeroth, 2005, p. 33). The findings in both Sewell’s and Ekeroth’s research were also supported by a third study condu cted by Baigrie and Giraldez (2008). The focus of this study however was on the subject of binge eating and its relation to coping strategies employed by [Spanish] otherwise normal adolescents. In the said study, it was found that among respondents for the study, those who reported binge eating characteristically had higher BMIs, lower self esteem, depressive symptoms and were less satisfied with their body image (p. 173).Additionally, the study also determined that those who scored higher in the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI) were more likely to have lower self esteem, more irrational thinking, decreased use of cognitive and behavioral coping strategies and increased use of avoidance coping (p. 174). In terms of coping strategies, the study found that the binge-eating group scored highest in three of the four areas of coping (introversion, positive hedonist coping, and avoidance coping) with introversion and avoidance coping garnering higher mean scores (Baigrie and Giraldez, 200 8, p.177). As the author’s discussed: it was expected that the adolescents who binge eat would use more avoidance coping strategies (unproductive coping) and fewer problem-focused strategies (positive coping) compared to the adolescents who do not binge eat. The results confirmed [that] adolescents who binge eat use avoidance coping more frequently than those who do not binge eat. (Baigrie and Giraldez, 2008, p. 177). Several studies also focused on the aspect of extraversion and introversion in correlation with eating disorders (Miller et al., 2005; Hitti, 2008; Watson, 2008[? ], p. 6-10,23; Carmo and Leal, 2007, p. 1). In these studies, it was found that lower extraversion (i. e. introversion) was related to disordered eating especially in women who score high in neuroticism – indicating that neuroticism and introversion may be risk factors in developing eating disorders (Miller et al. , 2005). This is supported by all previously discussed literature and by Miranda H itti (2008) in her article where she states â€Å"shyness and introversion are risk factors for anxiety disorders, especially social anxiety disorder.† As previously discussed, anxiety disorders are common co-morbidities among persons with eating disorders. An assumption can therefore be made that since neuroticism and introversion are risk factors for developing anxiety disorders, they are therefore indirect factors towards the development of eating disorders such as bulimia. Additionally, in the study conducted by Isla Watson (2008), it was determined that extroversion has a negative relation with eating disorders.Extroversion is defined as being markedly engaged with the world and dealing with external factors in an energetic, positive manner such that extroverted individuals gain pleasure from attention and their actions are often spontaneous and lack regard for others. Furthermore, â€Å"[c]ompelling evidence has shown that extroversion increases after weight is restore d during recovery from an eating disorder† and that it is often not expressed in anorexic individuals therefore calling for a need to watch out for the polar trait introversion (Watson, 2008, p.10) due to the fact that introversion is a common feature of eating disorders (Watson, 2008, p. 23). This idea is further reinforced by the findings of Claudia Carmo and Isabel Leal where the authors negatively correlated extroversion and awareness with the Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI) subscales, allowing the authors to conclude that extroversion and awareness are protective factors against the development of eating disorders (p. 1).In summary of all the literature discussed so far, the subject of BN and eating disorders in general seem to be highly correlated and associated with anxiety and personality disorders. It is also pointed out that these psycho-behavioral disorders are a probable result of several contributing factors such as families that are disengaged, chaotic, conflict ual, and lacking in expressive communication, negative self concepts, and poor quality of social relationships.These factors contribute to the development of depression, neuroticism, anxiety, poor general adjustment and lowered self esteem. Furthermore, these mentioned characteristics also define personality clusters found in persons with eating disorders such as BN. Though BN patients are generally more aggressive and demonstrative of delinquent behavior, distinctions between BN, AN-r, AN b/p and EDNOS is not very clearly defined. Therefore, findings about extroversion and introversion may generally apply to all of these eating disorders.If anything, the fact that extroversion is proven to be negatively related to eating disorders, the inverse thus is also plausible: introversion is positively related with eating disorders. How this affects BN however is still unclear since most of the literature discussed here so far characterize BN as specifically associated with externally direc ted impulsivity – a behavior that somewhat mirrors extroversion. However, since BN patients also have co-morbid anxiety and personality disorders it cannot be ruled out automatically that these individuals do not have introvertive traits.The mere fact that the characteristics lowered self esteem, avoidant coping, decreased social competence, and social phobia frequently come up as descriptive traits of the anxiety and depressive disorders found in these individuals all point to the likelihood that these individuals may have some form of introversion and that BN patients probably compensates for this by â€Å"acting out† in order to cover for the insecurity that is very definitive of eating disorders. ReferencesBaigrie, S. S. , Giraldez, S. L. (2008). Examining the relationship between binge eating and coping strategies and the definition of binge eating in a sample of Spanish adolescents. The Spanish Journal of Psychology vol. 11 no. 1:172-180. Carmo, C. , Leal, I. (20 07). Dimnsions of personality and eating disorders. University of Algarve Portugal, Department of Psychology. Ekeroth, K. (2005). Psychological problems in adolescents and young women with eating disturbances.Doctoral Dissertation for Goteborg University, Department of Psychology. Hitti, M. (2008). Variations in RGS2 Gene Linked to Shyness in Kids, Introversion in Adults. WebMD Health News Reviewed by Louise Chang, MD. Retrieved March 17, 2009 from http://www. webmd. com/mental-health/news/20080303/shyness-gene-teased-out Miller, J. L. , Schmidt, L. A. , Vaillancourt, T. , McDougall, P. and Laliberte, M. (2005).Neuroticism and introversion: A risky combination for disordered eating among a non-clinical sample of undergraduate women. Elsevier Ltd. Sewell, T. (2000). Developing risk factor profiles for Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa in young adults. Thesis for the University of Manitoba for the Faculty of Graduate Studies. National Lirary of Canada. Watson, I. (2008). Personality factor s & their relation with attentional bias to food words. Rsearch for the University of Wales, Bangor.

Outline what is meant by the two strands of British conservatism and consider whether they are compatible

The two strands of the conservative thought have ostensibly different views on how the society ought to be organised. The paternalistic strand derives from the 18th century based on an organic society in which privileges and obligations were classified according to hierarchy, with the consequence that the rich should take responsibility as custodians for the poor, nobelle oblige, this rhetoric is used to provide social assistance. The liberal strand derives the from 19th century classic liberalism in which individuals pursue their own interests in a self-help society based on the free market system in which any form of interference in the economy will lead not only to bureaucratic inefficiency but could also be dangerous as a means for totalitarianism. 1 According to W. H. Greenleaf, a distinguished historian of the British political tradition, the two strands share principles which separate them from other ideologies even though they have different conceptions of the society2. Already in the early nineteenth century different outlooks of the two stands began to appear. In 1835, the conservative Prime Minister Sir Robert Peel advocated a firm government in a free market economy. When Disraeli led the conservative party, however, this attitude changed completely. He believed that competitive capitalism harmed the traditional community. He blamed Peel for selfishness and when the electorate expanded he used the ‘one-nation' appeal referring to the feudal ideal, in which the rich took their responsibility as custodians for the poor. Disraeli did not believe that without social assistance the mass of the electorate would endorse traditional institutions3. This paternalistic brand proclaimed by Disraeli has been the ascendant strand in British conservatism until 1970's. The liberal strand has been rarely represented by the mainstream conservative thinkers until 1975, when Margaret Thatcher became the leader of the party. Which does not mean that liberal thinkers were absent in this doctrine, throughout the history of British conservatism individualist principles have been proposed. Perhaps it should be noted that in the United Kingdom Liberals have been displaced by the Conservative Party, absorbing many liberal principles on the way which explains the liberal conservative tradition not found in continental Europe4. It was during the French Enlightenment that many conservative principles were developed as a defence for the establishment, the ancient regime. They countered progressive ideals such as liberty with contrasting theories about history, tradition and moral community. According to Joseph de Maistre individuals are social beings deriving from traditions in the society. Social continuity is guaranteed by moral guardians such as the family, the church and the state. There is no state of nature such as posited by Rousseau; the society reflects the authority of God. The notion of rights was therefore nonsense as obligations always precedence. They stood for hierarchy, aristocracy, the primacy of the collective over the individual and the importance of the sacred. All of these traits were also present in Burke's writings. Edmund Burke is one of the first who developed conservative principles in England, and although he and his contemporaries have advocated principles now regarded as dead many contemporary conservative thinkers like to trace back their ideas to this heritage5. Although Burke, a Whig, supported a constitutional Monarchy in which the sovereign was constrained by parliament and the parliament by a small and exclusive electorate, he believed in representation of the independent wise derived from ‘natural aristocracy'. 6 When conservatives relate to Burke they mean his themes about organism, test of time and reform. Like Burke, conservatives distrust social change and accept human inequality. Human beings are naturally diverse in energy and talent which also implies that levelling classes is futile, egalitarian programmes are dangerous as they entail authoritarian measures which will crush individual liberty and social hierarch is desirable because the majority will benefit from the leadership of the few. Because conservatives prefer tradition they do not have any illusion that future times can eliminate imperfections of human arrangements, in contrast with their ideological adversaries. But the proposition that conservatism is rooted in a natural dislike of change is blameworthy as they have merged ahistorical patterns of individual behaviour in the Western culture with specific ideals about how the government and the society ought to be organised. Those who equate conservatism with opposition are therefore unsophisticated. A. O. Hirschman has defined three theses in which conservatives vindicate there position advocating tradition. The perversity thesis in which they warn for the opposite of the intended goal, for example; the bid for liberty during the French Revolution would lead to tyranny. The futility thesis, by which social engineering will never eliminate inequalities as it is impossible. And they warn for too high cost outweighing reform in the jeopardy thesis7. Therefore conservatism is best positioned as a device against unproven and thus false optimism. In Edmunds Burke's book, Reflections on the Revolutions in France in 1790 he claimed that historical experience is more reliable than abstract speculation. The society is a product of organic growth, according to Burke, accumulating the wisdom of generations rather than by impractical ideals. In this same context he advocated the age of reason, comparing the small ‘individual stock' with the inexhaustible ‘general bank and capital of nation and ages'. According to Burke the individual is sinful and react more often passionate than rational, prone to selfishness and mistaken judgement and therefore incapable of understanding the complexity of public interest. He warned against rationalism, a faulty judgement of individual formulation intoxicated with their capacity of abstract thinking disconnected from historical realities8. It is this disconnection of traditions what Burke shares with conservatives throughout the history. John Reeves who opposed to the natural rights advocated by progressive liberals in the late 18th century, because they rested on rational thinking. In 1872 Benjamin Disraeli blamed Whigs for abstract thinking fashionable in continental Europe, substituting cosmopolitan for national principles. And in the last century Michael Oakeshott depicted politics as an art of where to go next, not a science of setting up a permanent society. Wise politicians use tradition as experience to decide what to do next and are not concerned with ideals such as a classless society. He used the enfranchisement as an example; women were granted the vote not by logic but by their gradually improving legal and social status. Oakeshott defined therefore two types of knowledge, practical knowledge based on tradition and technical knowledge based on abstract thinking. 9 According to Oakeshott technical thinking is incomplete without practice through time; abstract thinking in pursuit of ‘loose metaphysical' thinking is therefore bound to fail. Clearly, conservatives have vindicated tradition to blame their adversaries of admitting to impractical rational schemes, but concluding that the heart of conservatism lies in traditionalism would not be sustainable. The conservative tradition has shown us that they do sometimes admit to idealistic speculation. While Disraeli blamed Whigs of ‘loose metaphysical' speculation, he himself referred to an idealistic ideal of the feudal society to dismiss the capitalist market system and to provide social assistance. But also liberal conservatives have been prone to support dogmatic schemes in order to achieve the political formulae they believed consists out of the ‘sound' conduct. Those Thatcherites have also put aside Oakeshotte's notion of art, as they knew where to go next. And the New Right broke with tradition as they advocated radical change. This implies that conservatism does not advocate tradition per se and therefore stands for something as they have an image of a sound political order, which determines their attitude to social change. It is the essence of this sound political order which is not clear; there is no future plan which they pursue, perhaps because conservatives do not believe in utopia10. If the conservative standpoint to established institutions distinguishes a set of principles contrasting other ideologies, this would imply that both strands are in pursuit of the same ‘sound' political conduct, but using different means. Or, although the two strands hold contrasting views on society they ought to be in pursue of the same ends. As mentioned above the paternalist strand used the feudal ideal to provide social assistance for the poor since Disraeli. Harold Macmillan who presented ‘the middle way' as an updated expression of this ‘one-nation' ideal as a means to attack the increasingly growing inequalities between two nations, the rich and the poor. The providence of welfare in 1954 was presented by R. A. Butler in a conservative manner; the Disraelian approach to modern politics did not require conservatives to abandon their traditional vindication of inequality. Disraeli provided us with inspiration and he cautioned us †¦. We should seek to secure greater quality not by levelling the few, but by elevating the many'. The modernised Disraelian strand became party orthodoxy until the 1970's and created a consensus between the major parties over social Welfare. When the liberal strand took over from the collective strand as the mainstream of the British Conservative Party some fundamental differences became clear between the two strands, like the disagreement over the responsibilities of the powerful and the justification of wealth. 1 When collective conservatives talked about decent housing and adequate welfare they often cite Disraeli when urging the aristocratic ethos of noblesse oblige to be adapted in modern conditions. The collectivists felt morally justified to distribute money from the rich to the poor. Which does not mean liberal conservatives did not have a morally justification for their approach to social assistance. They feel that a competitive market is just as it rewards individuals reflecting the diversity of human talent and it nurtures habits of prudence and self-reliance. For liberal conservatives poverty is related to skill and effort, when you give provide welfare you create therefore an environment in which they do not have to work. Another justification of an unfettered economy is that the rich, people with special talent, create wealth which will eventually triples down to the poor. In this sense the rich are creators of prosperity instead of plunderers of the poor. In this same context they justified the distribution of power and wealth. This is in contrast with the collective strand who justifies wealth and power on social breeding of the elite. Common to these strands is the acceptance of inequality and the social obedience of the majority to firm leadership. 12 The arrival of Margaret Thatcher did not only underline these disagreements over justification and distribution of wealth and power, but was a departure from the paternalist strand in general. Many people would argue that the New Right represented classic liberalism instead of conservatism ends. Keith Joseph denied that there was a break with traditional conservative thinking. As long as institutions, culture, conservative responsibilities and political practices were recognisable or at least would be recognisable in the near future, conservatives could be tolerant. According to them conservatives could no longer be confident that this was so by the ends of the 1970's. In these circumstances conservatives had to advocate in a reconstruction of a social, economical and political order in an attempt to restore lost values. 13 But it is the advocacy of a free-market economy what causes contradiction. Hayek, one of the leading neo-liberalist thought, himself wanted to link the free-market with the reason of test of time, which is in principle incompatible. When you support an unfettered market system you will have to accept the spontaneous outcomes it produces and accept any regime which survives, which is in contrast of Hayek's refusal of certain institutions and mechanisms such as income distribution. The explanation of Hayek's refusal is his particular use of tradition. 14 Without this he would be dependent on the outcome of the market. It is his use of spontaneous which is misleading. Although Hayek describes the social order to be spontaneous he probably means that the outcome of the innumerate individual decisions is spontaneous. The social order is constituted out of decisions taken, influenced by tradition and practice. Society is spontaneous as social order comes from within the society, which sits ill with the notion of evolution. According to the evolution theory the society is the result of social arrangement which have survived15. The incompatibility in Hayek's notions of tradition and the spontaneous market was underlined by people like Letwin. Those liberal conservatives claimed that there was a clear distinction between the free market theory and Thatcherism. Whereas classical liberals favour the spontaneous outcome of the free market in both economical and social sphere, liberal conservatives distinguishes them. The economic consideration of Thatcherism is secondary to the programme of moral regeneration. The extension of ownership promotes rather than reduces traditional continuity in families. Private ownership of properties gives families the opportunity to hand on property which provides them with continuity. Thatcherism was a programme for radical change in many areas but recognised the importance of tradition in other contexts, attacking ‘entrenched' institutions rather than traditional ones16. In this sense Thatcherism is in a direct line with conservatism. Other people find the connection between classic liberalism and conservatism illogical. Liberal conservatives accept much of the teachings of the laissez-faire theory and yet they insist on nationality and a strong state. In a free market system boundaries constrain the economy and are therefore harmful rather than desired. In principle markets ignore social and cultural differences between individuals and nations. A strong state is desirable as it preserves competition within the economy and encourages individual to participate and to buy private property17. When Letwin proclaimed that private ownership promotes continuity in family life, the influence of paid labour was not taken into consideration. The new Right stimulates structural changes of the economy in which demand and supply determine paid labour. The contradiction in the neo-liberal thought is damaging. On one hand they encourage market competition with detraditionalisation effects, and on the other hand they proclaim to promote the very traditional symbols which it also helps to dissolve and which are held as essential for social solidarity, like the family. Conservatives like Oakeshott, do not belief that market institutions can prosper in an autonomous way; this would namely imply mechanisms of thrust18. Thrust can only be protected by law to a certain extent. Norms and values are part of a wider nexus of social institutions not inherent in economical contracts but in tradition. Accepting the market as an autonomous mechanism which produces endless economical growth also contradicts with the conservative acknowledgement of imperfectability. According to most forms of conservatism humans have often wrongly tried to encompass the world with rational and abstract thinking, which is why they preferred tradition. The New Right does accept Imperfectability in the social sphere and beliefs that the government is incapable of economic planning, but see the market place as a frictionless machine. According to the New Right their doctrine flourished because they had discovered flaws and failures in the organisation the collectivist and socialist had supported after the Second World War19. These problems could be solved by letting free markets flourish and by renewing the core of moral institutions such as the state and the family. The most obvious change of the New Right was the departure from Keynesianism. In the decades before the arrival of Thatcher in British government there was a consensus over welfare policy. Keynes' management of demand theory had controlled tendencies of capitalism towards cycles of boom and depression fairly well. This era, which is often referred to as a ‘golden age', was characterised with economical growth. According to some, Keynesianism became ineffective as a result of intensified globalisation and the transformation of everyday life. The Management of demand theory could not cope with the 24-hour international market which typified ‘new' globalisation20. Keynesian and other welfare programmes presumed a society with more stable lifestyle habits than are characteristic in contemporary 24-hours market economies. Unconstrained markets intensify globalisation which will lead to more detraditionalisation in social life and thus in the family. The New Right proclaimed that the family was central to their theory, but in the context of globalisation as positioned above this is certainly contradictive. As mentioned above conservatives use the notion of tradition in a particular way. The new Right has showed us that conservatism is not always opposed to radical change. According to Roger Scruton the radical change does not have to be a departure of the notion tradition21. Conservatives, he says, place faith in institutions which have been tried before and wishes to give as much as necessary authority to constitute an accepted and objective public realm. Authority is opposed to social contract and all other social arrangements based on choice; authority comes from the transcendent qualities of established institutions. Allegiance is what a member of a collectivity owes to authority. People relate to collectivities, but this is not determined by individual choice or conscious but by the socially and morally transcendent. Transcendence is also the core of tradition. Conservatives are therefore not concerned with any form of authority, but authority legitimised by traditional symbols and allegiance is not just a matter of belonging to some corporate body but it refers to an affiliation with organised groups based on tradition. Sructon also said that practices worth conserving need to have the weight of a successful history of something that has flourished. Such practices must have the ‘allegiance' and ‘authority' of their participants and must give a durable meaning to the emergence to be preserved22. These considerations, he says, rule out traditions such as torture, crime and revolution. This test of time is based on a sort of evolutionism in which symbols of traditions have survived through time interpreted for their social function, which is at least suspicious and certainly does not explain the position of conservatives to tradition. The objective distinction which separates the quality of tradition with habits, customs and Oakshott's notion of technical knowledge is that it is determined by and ritual or revealed truth which is also the origin of its authority. In this sense tradition is not embedded in the practice but in certain rituals transmitted by guardians of tradition such as priests, wise men and respected elderly. The past is therefore essential for tradition, not because it must persist over an indefinite time but because it has to be passed on by practice, like in an apprenticeship23. In the past decades in which globalisation and thus detraditionalisation had intensified preserving tradition has become more like fundamentalism. Fundamentalism is nothing more than securing tradition with traditional means, according to Giddens, as it asserts its ritual truth without moral and cultural communication in conditions where traditions are under challenge24. This is potentially dangerous as it excludes social groups within the cosmopolitan society. The New Right, then, proclaims to be linked with conservatism advocated by people like Burke and Oakshott but is better to be viewed as radicalism in pursuit to preserve and restore institutions they value. My conclusion, therefore, is that the two strands of conservatism are incompatible.

The Power and the Glory of the Roman Empire Essays

The Power and the Glory of the Roman Empire Essays The Power and the Glory of the Roman Empire Paper The Power and the Glory of the Roman Empire Paper I am greatly marveled by the wonderful pictures and information the article tackles on certain details of the Roman world where textbooks normally take for granted. Such examples mentioned in the article, covers what Romans do in their leisure time and details on the structure of the city, which then leads to how its leaders turned Rome to be one of the richest, and most powerful metropolises the world has ever witnessed. It is a good thing that the author started on the foundation of the topic by defining the terminologies and then interconnecting it with other issues. The author presented such information of Rome, its culture, its magnificent blueprint of the city and the other aspects of certain power and strategies manipulated by its leaders, with such creativity that a normal textbook lack. Thus, making it more interesting to read alongside its pictures that reassure us of the glory of the whole Roman Empire. The article is supported by additional information like the formation of the calendar, Marcus Licinius Crassus and the city of Pompey. As I read the part about Pompey, I cant help but imagine it happening before my eyes and be heartbroken by the whole event and at same time, I marvel at the remains of this city. The information unearthed in this city adds to what there was in a Roman town back then. How such work of art also serves as public signs. The actual seeds and pollens seen here tell us what people were eating, another is the minerals in paint and vegetable dyes in scraps of cloth, which reveals about their trade patterns. Another is how Pompeii carries out traffic flow, when examined; the researchers concluded that Romans had one-way streets and no left turn intersections. And lastly, the article describes how such locations played a major role in history, where struggles of order were played out. Combining all these information, I believe that technology also helped in the way of saving these artifacts and also digging carefully and efficiently. For a couple of decades now the leaders of Europe have been struggling to implement a revolutionary and furiously controversial concept: a single European currency. Governments have fallen, fists have flown, and bitter curses have been exchanged in a variety of Romance and Germanic languages over this visionary idea. So explosive are the politics of the proposed Euro that the notion of a single coinage for so many different peoples is an impossible dream. I strongly disagree with T. R. Reids statement, I believe that such revolutionary concept is possible, for there was a time when the Roman Empire has a single currency, a single code and a single Emperor. Rome had a signal achievement in the sheer art of governing. Just like how the Greeks tried and tested all kinds of governing concepts and given us descriptions about it, the Romans, already experienced such revolution. The only roadblock to making this concept come alive is arguments that governments raise about, may it be for their own benefit or their defeat. As Rome is best known to be the most rich and powerful metropolis that the world has witnessed then, there is an assurance to such concept. As a student is drowsed by the unending textbooks and definitions, I believe that this article will alleviate such problem and aid a student in their quest for knowledge. Such information is discussed with illustrations, with pride and excitement that you cant help but be attracted more to the Roman Empire. In this article I believe just the same that a student will be able to put together all the facts that they have learned, link it with the textbook and this additional information and great illustrations on the city of Rome which technology has structured out for us. The article focuses on events that caused certain turnabouts, and also gives us a timeline of the 1st Emperor-Augustus up to Constantine. I say this with zest because I myself have been attracted to such wonder.

How to Write an Enduring Issues Essay Expert Help from Professionals

How to Write an Enduring Issues Essay Expert Help from Professionals How to Write an Enduring Issues Essay All students must know how to write an enduring issues essay. Read our recommendations and guidelines to improve the quality of your academic work. How to Improve Your Enduring Issues Essay Writing Tip #1: Choosing an Ensuring Issue and Creating a Thesis Statement One of the first things to do is choosing an enduring issue you want to analyze in your paper. Choose an issue that is well-researched. This way, you will find enough evidence to support your position. Find at least three credible documents related to the enduring issue of your choice. Scan them and isolate the most important information. Use it to develop a thesis statement. You cannot write a perfect enduring issues essay if you do not create a compelling thesis. It is strongly advisable that you write your essay as an argumentative paper. Your thesis should become the last sentence of the introduction. Review the examples below to formulate a thesis related to your chosen enduring issue: The enduring issue of hunger and poverty affects millions of people on the planet, and only a collective policy effort can relieve the burden of hunger and resource scarcity facing humans. Radicalism and religiosity have always been the two ensuring issues for people, and the 21st century should become the time of appropriate solutions, to protect the lives of people and create a space for continuous development into the future. Human trafficking is an enduring issue that affects men and women alike, and countries of the world should unite around the goals of human rights protection and welfare promotion to give as many people as possible a chance to avoid the chains of imprisonment. Please remember that you can choose among numerous enduring issues. You can also consider nested issues. In either case, you will need to provide compelling evidence that the issue is significant and deserves attention. You will need to explain how the issue of your choice has endured across time and space. For instance, human trafficking probably existed for centuries and took different forms. However, it is not until the beginning of the 21st century that it became a matter of global concern. How did it happen? You will need to write it in your enduring issues essay. Â  Tip #2: Gather Information from Multiple Sources How to write an enduring issues essay? You will need to collect extensive information from outside sources. You will need to scan dozens of documents to support your thesis statement and defend your position. Make sure that you have a lot of relevant information from multiple sources. Incorporate it into your argument. Otherwise, it will be weak and inconclusive. Anything will work. For example, you may want to scan historic documents that illustrate the patterns of gender relationships and marital unions leading to human trafficking. You may also want to locate historical documents, which highlight the changing perceptions of religiosity and radicalism in society. Do not reiterate obvious things! Your teachers are not stupid. They want to see how you use your analytical mind to produce a powerful enduring issues essay! Tip #3:Â   Bringing Together Analysis, Argumentation, and Impact As you look at an enduring issues essay example, you will remember your parents or your teachers telling you that quality is more important than quantity. However, when it comes to an enduring issues essay, both quality and quantity play a role. You will need to collect extensive evidence. However, you will need to be sure that this evidence is of unquestionably high quality. Do not hesitate to include valuable details! Provide insights into the nature and complexity of the enduring issue you are considering in your work. For example, if you decide to discuss the human trafficking issue mentioned above, you can follow two different pathways. Human trafficking has been an issue for decades and centuries; cases of rights violations were registered across the world. This looks like two sentences, obviously well formulated to express the main idea of your enduring issues essay. However, they are not enough to present a compelling and engaging argument. They do not create a context for analysis and argumentation. They simply state some simple truth. Instead, you should expand on these two sentences and incorporate evidence from outside sources. The result is this: Human trafficking represents a cluster of factors that expose individuals to the risks of health damage and human rights violations. According to Document 1, human trafficking was an issue during ancient times. Although it was not the only way for ruling parties to exert their influence on incumbents, it was a prevalent instrument exercised by people of power to achieve their mercenary goals. The Declaration of Human Rights creates a context for the analysis of human trafficking and associated violations. The beginning of the 21st century signifies a new era in human struggles to reduce the number of people who suffer from human rights violations. In this answer, you see evidence from other sources. It also speaks about how the issue evolved over time. Tip #4:Â  Analysis Is More Important than Summary As you have noticed, in your enduring issues essay you will need to show how the issue has persisted across centuries. You will also need to provide evidence of its impacts on people. Here, you may also want to discuss how people changed the progress of the issue or tried to resolve it in the past. This is why it is so important to analyze rather than summarize external information. Your paragraphs should have a topic sentence each and they should all be linked to the central enduring issue. Want to know how to write an enduring issues essay? Do not just summarize the information. A simple summary will earn you nothing but C. Be critical. Analyze information. Share the results of your analysis with the audience. Do not conceal facts, but be cautious when you present information from multiple sources, particularly if it is contradictory. If you want to know the secret of successful writing, it is simple, and it is here: analyze, analyze, analyze. Do not summarize.

Problems with African Democracy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Problems with African Democracy - Research Paper Example To better understand the main challenges that Democracy has faced in Africa, it is important to briefly look at the history of Democracy in Africa. As Samuel Decalo argues in his book Psychosis of Power: African Personal Dictatorship, the struggle for independence in Africa since the first half of the twentieth century was based on the view that the colonized people had the right and the ability to determine their political destinies on the basis of self-determination (Decalo, 1989). Decalo goes ahead to argue in this book that many African countries embraced democracy as an ideal system of governance because democracy offered all the citizens of a country the opportunity to participate in the decision making of their countries. Decalo goes ahead to argue that African countries embraced Democracy because they were tired of the authoritarian rule of the colonizers and they therefore wanted a system of governance that would ensure that all the citizens of their countries would participate in making crucial decision of their countries. However, when many African countries became independent from late 1950s up to the early 1990s, what followed was a history of authoritarian regimes and many coup d’à ©tats (Owusu, 1991).  In his article â€Å"Democracy and Africa- A view from the Village†, Owusu says that from 1960 up to 1990, more than thirty African countries had experienced either a coup d’à ©tat, or an abortive coup d’à ©tat.  

Women in Business Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Women in Business - Research Paper Example The trend is significant since it continues to exhibit an increasing trend that indicates that the role of women in the workforce would continue to pervade various responsibilities in diverse and more professionalized endeavors. As disclosed, â€Å"women are projected to make up 46.8 percent of the labor force by the year 2014† (Williamson: Women, 2012, par. 1). The trend could therefore be attributed to an interplay of factors that include: social factors (lower birthrates; delay in marrying age; greater and equal access to equal levels of education for both men and women); economic factors (the need for more income to support the family); and political factors (legislations approving equal rights and opportunities), among others. Question 2. Propose three ways that a business can capitalize on this trend to earn competitive advantage. Three ways where business can capitalize on the increasing trend of more women in the workforce to earn competitive advantage are as follows: (1) focus on promoting women to their full potentials since, according to the study published by Barsh & Yee (2011), organizations who have reportedly included women as members of the organizations’ board of directors have exhibited â€Å"a 26% difference in return on invested capital (ROIC) between the top-quartile companies (with 19-44% women board representation) and bottom quartile companies (with zero woman directors)† (p. 5); (2) â€Å"companies with three or more women in top positions (executive committee or boards) scored higher than their peers† (Barsh & Yee, 2011, p. 5); and (3) hiring more women in the workforce would be consistent to the ideals of diversity in the worksetting, which, according to the American Society of Women Accountants (2012), â€Å"contribute to a diversity of thought that enables your business to grow beyond the limitations imposed by a homogeneous staff†¦ A wider variety of viewpoints, experiences, and backgrounds enables a business to become more innovative, and ultimately more profitable† (American Society of Women Accountants, 2012, p. 1). Question 3. Speculate about why businesses should pay attention to the development of women’s leadership. Businesses should pay attention to the development of women’s leadership because there have already been studies and researches which disclose that women leaders are indeed more effective as leaders, when compared to their male counterparts (Zenger & Folkman, 2012). As revealed, â€Å"at every level, more women were rated by their peers, their bosses, their direct reports, and their other associates as better overall leaders than their male counterparts — and the higher the level, the wider that gap grows† (Zenger & Folkman, 2012, par. 6). Further, one strong believes that if more opportunities for advancement are accorded for women in leadership positions which would be openly encouraged in all contemporary organizations, these would provide greater motivations, higher productivity and higher chances to improve the organization’s bottom line. Question 4. What would you say to an organization that has little or no interest in women’s leadership? An organization that has little or no interest in women’s leadership, would first and foremost be violating the Equal Employment Opportunities Law in terms of according equal opportunities for training and development, regardless of gender, race, and other demographic factors. Likewise, the organization would be foregoing the opportunity to maximize the potentials of women and realize that their instrumental